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Gravity is the weakest of the fundamental interactions, but it shapes the large-scale structure of the Universe. Classical physics describes it with Newton's law of universal gravitation, where the force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. General Relativity replaces force with geometry: mass and energy tell spacetime how to curve, and curved spacetime tells matter how to move.

History

Isaac Newton in 1687 first realized that the force that makes an apple fall also governs the Moon's motion. In the 20th century, Albert Einstein showed that gravity is not just a force but curved space and time.

How it works

Earth attracts you because it is very massive. You also attract Earth, but your mass is tiny, so it's imperceptible. In space, gravity keeps the Moon near Earth, and Earth in orbit around the Sun.

💡 Clocks on the top floor of a skyscraper run slightly faster than on the ground floor: over 100 years, the difference would be about 10 microseconds—a manifestation of gravitational time dilation.
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Scientists
Henri PoincaréJohn Archibald Wheeler
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Accretion diskangular momentumantimatterdark energydark matterevent horizonexpansion of the universegalaxy
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no-hair theoremSachs–Wolfe effectJeans instabilityLense–Thirring effectMössbauer effectgeodesic equation

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