Pour écouter l'atmosphère d'une planète lointaine, le bruit de l'étoile gêne. Dans le système TRAPPIST-1, les astronomes ont utilisé une planète-« mouchard » : TRAPPIST-1 b est une voisine sans air qui n'enregistre que les parasites. En soustrayant cet enregistrement du signal de la planète TRAPPIST-1 e, on peut isoler la voix pure de son air.
Les premières observations du James Webb ont prouvé que l'idée est bonne : les jours calmes, on ne voit aucune trace d'air, comme prévu. Mais les caprices de l'étoile continuent le jeu du téléphone arabe. La recherche d'une atmosphère autour de TRAPPIST-1 e se poursuit — dans l'espoir de surprendre l'étoile de bonne humeur.
tel que rédigé par les auteurs, en anglais arXiv:2512.07695
One of the forefront goals in the field of exoplanets is the detection of an atmosphere on a temperate terrestrial exoplanet, and among the best suited systems to do so is TRAPPIST-1. However, JWST transit observations of the TRAPPIST-1 planets show significant contamination from stellar surface features that we are unable to confidently model. Here, we present the motivation and first observations of our JWST multi-cycle program of TRAPPIST-1 e, which utilize close transits of the airless TRAPPIST-1 b to model-independently correct for stellar contamination, with the goal of determining whether TRAPPIST-1 e has an Earth-like mean molecular weight atmosphere containing CO$$_2$$. We present our simulations, which show that with the 15 close transit observations, we will be able to detect this atmosphere on TRAPPIST-1 e at $$\Delta\ln\,Z=5$$ or greater confidence assuming we are able to correct for stellar contamination using the close transit observations. We also show the first three observations of our program. We find that our ability to correct for stellar contamination can be inhibited when strong stellar flares are present, as flares can break the assumption that the star does not change meaningfully between planetary transits. The cleanest observation demonstrates the removal of stellar contamination contribution through an increased preference for a flat line over the original TRAPPIST-1 e spectrum, but highlights how minor data analysis assumptions can propagate significantly when searching for small atmospheric signals. This is amplified when using the signals from multiple planets, which is important to consider as we continue our atmospheric search.
Le système TRAPPIST-1 est si compact que toutes ses planètes tiendraient à l'intérieur de l'orbite de Mercure. Une année sur TRAPPIST-1 e ne dure que 6 jours terrestres.