El nacimiento de planetas se asemeja al trabajo de una fragua celestial. Bloques rocosos chocan y se fusionan entre sí. Un fuerte impacto provoca una chispa: la materia se calienta hasta brillar al rojo vivo, como el metal que se enfría. Simulaciones computacionales muestran que el destello es visible desde unos días hasta varios años, y en su punto máximo alcanza una décima parte de la luz solar. Los telescopios modernos, que monitorean millones de estrellas, pueden captarlo. Nuevos sondeos celestes, como Gaia y LSST, recopilarán datos precisos sobre la luminosidad de las estrellas. Los científicos esperan hasta 14 eventos de este tipo, que mostrarán con qué frecuencia chocan los mundos en la Vía Láctea.
tal como lo escribieron los autores, en inglés arXiv:2606.26026
Giant impacts, collisions between planet-sized bodies, play an important role in planet and moon formation. As we enter a new era of large-scale surveys, such as \textit{Gaia} and LSST at the Vera C. Rubin observatory, there is potential to directly observe the remnants produced in such events and gain insights into the process of planet formation. Here, by modelling the emission and cooling of a series of giant impact remnants, we show that giant impacts are detectable as a sudden brightening followed by gradual dimming in the optical and near-infrared. Giant impacts between Earth-composition planets were simulated using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics code {\small SWIFT}, with total colliding masses ranging from 0.2 to 4 $$M_{\oplus}$$. By constraining the location of the photic surface of the post-impact bodies produced by the simulations, the initial luminosities of post-impact bodies were found to be between $$5\times10^{-5}$$ and $$10^{-1}$$ solar luminosities, with luminosity falling roughly exponentially on a timescale between 1 and 2000 days. Based on our results, along with estimates for planet and giant impact occurrence rates, we anticipate that between 0 and 14 terrestrial giant impacts will be observed in the full release of \textit{Gaia} epoch photometry in DR4, with at least a comparable number found by LSST. Identifying the remnants of multiple giant impacts will offer a powerful constraint on the frequency of giant impacts in the galaxy and hence the role of such collisions in planet formation.
La temperatura en el punto de impacto se eleva en minutos a miles de grados: los fragmentos se calientan al rojo vivo, como una pieza en la fragua.
En la película «Melancolía» de Lars von Trier, la Tierra choca con un planeta errante, provocando un destello deslumbrante que recuerda a este efecto.