The power grid is a galaxy, where massive generators, like stars, set the rhythm with their synchronous rotation. With the advent of green energy, "planets" appear — power converters. Some obediently circle in their orbits, while others try to become centers of attraction. With the expansion of the fleet of such leader-planets, the dance threatens to turn into chaos.
Researchers found: grid stability declines if converter capacity grows without strengthening the grid itself. Surprisingly, leader converters (grid-forming) destabilize the system faster than followers when the grid is weak. The reason is the collision of their control algorithms with the physical inertia of generators. This inertia, like a clock's flywheel, smooths out fluctuations. Losing it, even a tiny glitch will cause instability and a cascade of blackouts.
For a reliable green transition, we need not only to add sources but also to make the grid stiffer. Otherwise, the "planets" will disrupt the common rhythm, like celestial bodies with unbalanced orbits.
Traditional generators have the physical inertia of rotating masses, like a flywheel in an antique clock, which helps smooth out fluctuations.
In Peter Watts' novel 'Blindsight', the future power system is managed by a swarm of autonomous agents, balancing on the edge of chaos.