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Discovered in 1933 by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld. Before this, it was thought that a superconductor is simply an ideal conductor with zero resistance, but the experiment revealed a deeper property: regardless of whether the magnetic field was applied before or after cooling, the magnetic induction inside the superconductor is always zero. This is like an elastic ball in carbon dioxide: the gas is displaced, and the ball maintains the field shape around it.

How it works

Thanks to this effect, magnetic levitation becomes possible: a superconductor hovers above a magnet without requiring energy input, which is used in high-speed train suspension and frictionless bearings.

💡 Based on the Meissner effect, ultra-sensitive magnetometers (SQUIDs) have been created, capable of detecting the magnetic field of a human heart from several centimeters away.
\nabla^2 \mathbf{B} = \frac{\mathbf{B}}{\lambda^2}
B is the magnetic induction vector, λ is the London penetration depth (the characteristic distance over which the field decays by a factor of e), ∇² is the Laplace operator (second derivative with respect to coordinates).
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superconductivityelectromagnetismtemperature
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Maxwell's equationsJosephson effect

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