An atomic nucleus usually lives in a single energy state, like a ball resting on the floor. But thorium-229 has a rare exception: the nucleus can get stuck on a tiny step above the floor — the so-called isomeric state. This step is so low that it can be nudged by ordinary light, not just hard radiation. That's why the thorium-229 isomer has become the leading candidate for nuclear clocks — devices that keep time by the vibrations of the nucleus itself, not the electrons around it.
The challenge is how to get the nucleus onto that step. A direct hit, like tossing a ball precisely onto a narrow ledge, requires sniper-like accuracy and rarely succeeds. Scientists have proposed a workaround: first toss the ball high up, then let it fall and catch on the step on the way down. In the atomic world, this looks like: an electron slams into the nucleus, boosting it to a high energy level, and then the nucleus cascades down through transitions, with some probability stopping at the isomeric step.
Calculations for two devices — storage rings (where thorium ions circulate) and electron-beam ion traps (where ions are held in an electron cloud)—show that the cascade path boosts isomer yield by tens of thousands of times compared to direct excitation. Electron impact followed by cascade gives an enhancement of up to ten thousand, and electron capture by the nucleus adds another factor of several tens. Such a leap makes producing thorium-229 isomers practical, bringing nuclear clocks closer to reality.
The thorium pendulum, so hard to start today, might one day swing in every metrology center — keeping time with an accuracy beyond current instruments. And it all begins with learning to catch the atomic echo on the step of the energy ladder.
as written by the authors arXiv:2601.22417
The low-energy nuclear isomeric state of \textsuperscript{229m}Th provides a unique bridge between nuclear and atomic physics, enabling applications such as nuclear clocks and precision metrology. However, efficient and controllable production of \textsuperscript{229m}Th remains a major experimental challenge. We propose an efficient scheme to produce the $$^{229\mathrm{m}}$$Th in storage rings (SRs) and electron beam ion traps (EBITs), using a cascade decay pathway. Highly charged ions are excited to higher nuclear states via nuclear excitation by inelastic electron scattering (NEIES) and nuclear excitation by electron capture (NEEC), followed by radiative or internal conversion cascades that populate the isomer. Our calculations demonstrate that, under typical SRs and EBITs conditions, optimized indirect excitation pathways significantly enhance \textsuperscript{229m}Th production rate. In particular, NEIES can provide an enhancement of up to four orders of magnitude through cascade de-excitation at high energies, while NEEC can contribute an additional enhancement of up to several tens of times. Such a significant increase in the \textsuperscript{229m}Th yield rate would facilitate its application in various nuclear photonics fields, especially in the development of atomic nuclear clocks.
The energy of the thorium-229 isomeric state is only about 8 electron-volts — less than the energy of a visible-light photon. For comparison, typical nuclear transitions require millions of electron-volts. That's why the isomer can be excited with a laser, just like an ordinary atom.
The idea of a clock based on a nuclear transition echoes the 'atomic chronometers' of science fiction, which maintain accuracy even in deep space where ordinary clocks drift.