Temperature Changes the Number of Dimensions in Quantum Systems express

Original: "Systems with Quantum Dimensions"
arXiv:2511.14547 · 2025-11-18 · CC BY 4.0 · 1 min
The number of spatial dimensions isn't a constant: it's a quantum property that depends on temperature.

Usually, we think of the number of dimensions as fixed: length, width, height. But in the quantum world, even that can be changeable. A new theory describes systems where dimension isn't a constant but a quantum property, capable of being different simultaneously.

A balloon is flat when cold, round when warm. The quantum 'balloon' exists in both forms at once, and the average geometry depends on temperature. Calculations confirm: at low energies, the system behaves as two-dimensional, and at high energies, as three-dimensional. That's how three dimensions became entrenched in our world: they're more energy-favorable.

This upends our understanding of spacetime near black holes, where dimensions may change their dimensionality. In other words, geometry itself joins the quantum dance, linking order and entropy with temperature. Even in empty space, dimensions 'flicker,' fluctuating between different values.

Even empty space at the quantum level isn't empty: it seethes with virtual particles. Now the very number of dimensions may join this dance.

Like the TARDIS from Doctor Who, which is bigger on the inside, this theory toys with the idea that dimensions can be mutable.

Scientists
Albert EinsteinRobert H. DickeJosef LenseCecilia Payne-GaposchkinDaniel GottesmanDavid DiVincenzo
Concepts
dimension dimensionality quantum sensing quantum state two level system thermal state superposition principle Dynamical Systems one dimensional system extra time dimensions dimensionless data center medicine effective temperature Schrödinger equation imaginary unit three dimensional model heat capacity position density matrix