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Albert Einstein

1879–1955 · Theoretical physics, Quantum mechanics, Cosmology
Theoretical physicist who forever changed our understanding of space, time and gravity. Creator of special and general relativity, explained the photoelectric effect, introduced the concept of the photon. His equation E=mc² became a symbol of a new era in physics. His contributions to quantum theory and statistical mechanics are also fundamental.

Biography

Born in Ulm, Germany. Studied at the Swiss Polytechnic School in Zurich. Worked at the patent office in Bern, then professor in Zurich, Prague, Berlin. In the summer of 1933 he emigrated to the USA, worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.

Key discoveries

💡 As a child, Einstein started speaking so late that his parents feared he might be developmentally delayed. And later, he never learned to drive a car.
"Einstein thought imagination was more important than knowledge because knowledge is limited."
Concepts
apparent diffusion coefficientquantum entanglementTime dilationwave-particle duality
Laws
mass–energy equivalenceEinstein field equationsPlanck–Einstein relationequivalence principleEinstein's photoelectric equationgeodesic equation
Scientists
Robert HookeAlain AspectErwin SchrödingerDavid DeutschLouis de BroglieJohn Stewart BellJohn Archibald WheelerArthur Compton

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Sunspots and the Paraná's Floods
The Paraná River behaves like a seismograph that records not the shaking of the ground but the pulse of the Sun. A century of daily water-level measurements at the gauging station in the city of Corrientes, 900 kilometers from the river's mouth, shows that when the Sun has many sunspots, the river floods more. This connection is neither accidental nor weak.
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High Energy2009-05-011 minarXiv:0905.0049express
Titanium in Cosmic Rays
In the stream of cosmic rays, particles flying toward us from the depths of the Galaxy, titanium is rare. Its nuclei are almost indistinguishable from iron: both are heavy, and both leave similar tracks in detectors.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2009-09-302 minarXiv:0910.0054
Hurricane Energy Follows a Power Law
A forest fire has no "typical" size: a small grass burn and a firestorm covering thousands of hectares are part of the same phenomenon. The same goes for tropical cyclones: the energy they release over their lifetime does not cluster around some average value. Instead, it follows a power law, and this rule holds across all of Earth's oceans.
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Mesoscale2010-01-222 minarXiv:1001.4048express
Diamond memory for a quantum processor
A superconducting qubit, a tiny loop with zero resistance, crunches problems faster than you can blink. But cut the power, and everything it has calculated vanishes. Like a chef who cooks without writing down the recipe: as long as he's at the stove, he remembers every step, but an hour later — nothing. The authors of the study propose writing the result into diamond.
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High Energy2011-01-171 minarXiv:1101.3246express
Cosmic nuclei reveal their energies
High above the Antarctic ice sheet, a balloon with a detector floated for twenty days. It caught tiny particles that had been traveling toward us for millions of years from distant stellar explosions. Now scientists have sorted through the catch and reported how much energy the protons and nuclei of different elements carried.
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High Energy2011-04-181 minarXiv:1104.3452express
Extra Electrons in Cosmic Rays
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Quantum Physics2011-10-132 minarXiv:1110.2978express
Quantum Memory in Diamond
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High Energy2013-03-252 minarXiv:1303.6102
Cosmic Rays in Bubbles: Why Heavy Nuclei Unexpectedly Rise with Energy
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High Energy2013-03-252 minarXiv:1303.6108express
Cosmic Surprise: Iron Behaves Differently
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2013-08-212 minarXiv:1308.4630
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Mesoscale2018-08-272 minarXiv:1808.09043express
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Quantum Physics2018-11-052 minarXiv:1811.01693express
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How to Make Your Model Pay for Its Mistakes
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2019-09-093 minarXiv:1909.03789
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Every day, the ocean in the tropical Pacific carries on a quiet conversation with itself: water temperatures are slightly higher in some places, slightly lower in others, and these patches of warmth and cold slowly drift into one another. This chatter seems random, but it hides a signal.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2019-09-233 minarXiv:1909.10505
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Quantum Physics2019-09-252 minarXiv:1909.11775express
A Diamond Quantum Orchestra
Inside a diamond, you sometimes find tiny flaws — a spot where a carbon atom is replaced by nitrogen, with a vacancy right next to it. Physicists call this an NV center (a nitrogen-vacancy defect). Such a defect acts like a magnetic needle that can store information in its spin.
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The tropics breathe with an annual rhythm: air temperature rises and falls, and within this breath lie two main pulses. The first pulse peaks in February and weakens in August; the second is shifted by half a year. These two pulses are not just background noise for the famous El Niño; they are its conductors.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2020-04-142 minarXiv:2004.06628
South Atlantic Pulse Predicts Indian Monsoon Five Months Ahead
Every June, the sky over India fills with moisture, and how much falls determines rice harvests, water reserves, and food prices for a billion people. But predicting the monsoon's strength in advance was like guessing someone's mood from a single photo: too many hidden springs.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2021-02-032 minarXiv:2102.02192
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Deep in the Siberian taiga, there are a hundred light traps: each about the size of a small table, but together they cover a square kilometer. At night, these traps gaze at the sky, catching faint flashes of light born when cosmic particles slam into the atmosphere. The setup is called TAIGA-HiSCORE, and it usually works as a giant "eye" for such particles.
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The Uneven Pulse of Time: How Irregular Measurement Rhythms Skew Conclusions and What to Do About It
Imagine an interpreter who gets distracted by every rustle in the hall. The more rustles, the more errors in the translation, even though the meaning of the speech hasn't changed. The same happens with data: if measurements are unevenly spaced, standard analytical tools start "hearing" changes that never occurred in the underlying process.
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