A malignant tumor that forms in the prostate gland, often assessed by gland shape and surrounding tissue.Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the prostate gland, a small walnut-shaped organ in men that produces seminal fluid. It is one of the most common cancers in men. The disease is often slow-growing, but some forms are aggressive and can spread. Diagnosis and assessment frequently involve imaging and biopsy, where the shape of the gland and the pattern of surrounding tissue are examined to determine the stage and grade of the cancer.
The disease was first described in the mid-19th century, but significant understanding of its biology and treatment developed in the 20th century, with the introduction of PSA testing in the 1980s.
Cancer arises from mutations in prostate cells that cause uncontrolled growth. The tumor can be localized or invade nearby tissues and metastasize to bones and lymph nodes. The Gleason score, based on tissue architecture, helps predict aggressiveness. Imaging techniques like MRI and ultrasound assess gland shape and detect suspicious areas for biopsy.
Treatment options include surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, and active surveillance. Research focuses on improving early detection and personalized therapies.
Many men with prostate cancer die of other causes without ever knowing they had it, as the slow-growing form may never cause symptoms.