In an ordinary wire, heat drives electrons: that's the Seebeck effect, familiar from thermocouples. But in magnets, things are trickier: charge carriers also carry spin, their own little 'top.' In some materials, called altermagnets, electrons with different spins interact differently with the crystal lattice, so a temperature difference can separate them, generating a spin current: a flow of spin without a flow of charge.
The authors considered altermagnets with different symmetries: d-wave, f-wave, g-wave, and i-wave. In d-wave magnets, the spin Nernst effect was already known — a spin current linear in the temperature gradient. The novelty is that in f-wave magnets, the spin current is proportional to the square of the temperature gradient. This is a nonlinear spin Seebeck effect. Such a current behaves like a diode: it lets spin pass in one direction but almost blocks it in the other. In g-wave magnets, the current appears only in the third order in the gradient, while in i-wave magnets it flows perpendicular to the heat flow: this is the spin Nernst current.
Surprisingly, all this happens without spin-orbit coupling — usually, it's spin-orbit coupling that links spin to motion and is responsible for such effects. Here, crystal symmetry alone suffices. For practical applications, this is important: such materials are easier to fabricate and use in spintronics — electronics where information is carried by spin rather than charge.
as written by the authors arXiv:2602.19034
A prominent feature of $$d$$-wave altermagnets is that spin current is generated by applying temperature gradient, which is known as the spin-Nernst effect. We show in $$f$$-wave magnets that spin current is generated proportional to the square of the temperature gradient, which we call the nonlinear spin-Seebeck current. It can be used as a spin current diode. In addition, we show in $$g$$-wave altermagnets that spin current is generated in the third order of the temperature gradient. We also show in $$i$$-wave altermagnets that spin current is generated perpendicular to the temperature gradient, which is the spin-Nernst current. We have derived analytic formulas for these spin currents. It is interesting that these phenomena occur in the absence of the spin-orbit interaction. On the other hand, we show in $$p$$-wave magnets that spin current is not generated by temperature gradient.
In f-wave altermagnets, the spin current grows quadratically with the temperature difference: double the temperature difference, and the current increases fourfold.
The idea of a spin diode echoes the 'vacuum diode' from early science fiction: controlling a flow without mechanical contacts, but on a quantum level.