Warm Moons of Rogue Planets express

Original: "Life in the dark: Potential urability of moons of rogue planets"
arXiv:2511.03392 · 2025-11-05 · CC BY 4.0 · 1 min
New research shows that moons of ejected planets can sustain liquid oceans thanks to ongoing gravitational heating.
The planet's gravity rhythmically squeezes and kneads the moon like dough: from this constant 'kneading', the interior heats up, and oceans of water can persist under the icy crust for ages.

In the Galaxy, there are plenty of rogue planets, thrown out by supernova explosions. These free-floating planets lack a sun, but often retain their moons. Simulations show that after the cataclysm, the moons' orbits become barely elongated, and that's enough to kickstart internal heating. In 12–15% of cases, the heating power rivals what keeps the oceans of Europa and Enceladus warm. Amazingly, this process fades incredibly slowly: for moons farther from the planet than ten times its radius, the heating will last longer than the Solar System has existed. So water oceans under the icy crust can remain liquid for billions of years. The next extraterrestrial life might be discovered not around a star, but in the eternal darkness of interstellar space.

There may be more rogue planets in our Galaxy than stars — so warm moons with oceans in the Universe could be unimaginably numerous, like grains of sand on all the beaches of Earth.

Scientists
Subrahmanyan ChandrasekharEnrico FermiAugustin-Louis CauchyChristiaan HuygensEmmy NoetherIsaac Newton
Concepts
tidal heating europa marine heatwave hot jupiter terrestrial exoplanet habitability tidal migration red dwarf habitability mercury habitable zone red dwarf planets titan lunar formation giant impact magma ocean rogue planet tidally locked massive star exoplanet atmospheres core super earth