The Age of Globular Clusters: What Dynamics Revealed express

Original: "Nature and nurture: the dynamical ages of in situ and accreted globular clusters in the Milky Way"
· Eugenio Carretta
arXiv:2604.26012 · 2026-04-28 · CC BY 4.0 · 1 min
A new way to tell 'native' globular clusters from 'immigrant' ones in the Milky Way — by their dynamical age.

Globular clusters are dense 'balls' of hundreds of thousands of stars that orbit the center of the Milky Way. Some were born in our Galaxy, others were captured when the Milky Way swallowed dwarf satellite galaxies. They can be distinguished by chemical composition, but astronomers now have a new tool — dynamical age.

Dynamical age shows how much a cluster has already 'shaken up' its structure under the tidal forces of the Galaxy. It's like watching a crowd of dancers: some are already tired and huddled together, while others are still moving energetically. It turns out that among 'immigrant' clusters, 61% are dynamically young, while among 'native' ones, only 38% are. If you remove the mysterious low-energy clusters, the fraction of young among immigrants rises to 70%.

Low-energy clusters are a special group: their origin is unclear, but chemically they resemble 'immigrants', while their dynamical age is like that of 'natives'.

Perhaps their parent galaxy plunged into the Milky Way very early, and our Galaxy's gravity had time to 'age' these clusters. Thus dynamical age helps reconstruct the violent history of mergers that the Milky Way has undergone.

The most massive globular cluster in the Milky Way, Omega Centauri, contains about 10 million stars, yet its diameter is only about 150 light-years: stars there are packed a million times denser than in the solar neighborhood.

In Arthur C. Clarke's novel 'The City and the Stars', globular clusters are described as natural refuges for ancient civilizations that survived the death of galaxies.

Scientists
Fritz ZwickyRashid Alievich SunyaevJames JeansSubrahmanyan ChandrasekharAdam RiessJohn Archibald Wheeler
Concepts
galactic evolution processes age of the universe early universe galaxies galactic bulge galaxy formation magma ocean galaxy growth mechanisms open cluster globular cluster star formation in clusters structure growth young star gas accretion stellar nursery primordial magnetic fields stellar age cosmology large magellanic cloud origin of life red dwarf habitability