Space Memory Explains the Acceleration of the Universe ✛ ✦
In the late 1990s, astronomers discovered that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating. Light from distant supernovae showed: the farther the star, the faster it's moving away. This effect, called redshift, required introducing dark energy — an invisible force pushing the cosmos apart.
A new model endows space with memory. The idea came from the physics of black holes. Jacob Bekenstein and Stephen Hawking proved that the contents of a black hole are fully described by data on its surface. Gerard 't Hooft suggested: perhaps the entire Universe is a hologram, where three-dimensional reality is encoded on a two-dimensional boundary. Using fractional mathematics, scientists gave this 'hologram' the ability to remember the past. Just as a memory foam pillow restores its shape, so gravity 'recalls' the expansion history.
As a result, dark energy is not constant but changes over time. Computer simulations showed: the acceleration began about 6 billion years ago — exactly when it is seen in the cosmic microwave background, the afterglow of the Big Bang. The model agrees with string theory and may manifest in future observations of gravitational waves.
The fractional quantization used in the model resembles a walk with jumps: the particle moves sometimes smoothly, sometimes in leaps, which creates the memory effect.