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Faraday effecteffect

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In 1845, Michael Faraday sought a connection between light and magnetism and discovered that heavy glass placed in a strong magnetic field changes the polarization of transmitted light. This became the first proof of the unity of electromagnetism. Essentially, the magnetic field makes the medium anisotropic for light — as if light were forced to go up a spiral staircase where one turn is steeper than the other.

How it works

It is encountered in fiber optics with magnetic sensors, and in astrophysics for measuring magnetic fields of galaxies.

💡 Faraday had been trying to find the effect for several years unsuccessfully until he took super-transparent lead glass from a chandelier. It turned out that ordinary glass gave too weak a rotation.
\theta = V B L
θ — rotation angle of polarization plane (rad), V — Verdet constant (rad/(T·m)), characterizing magneto-optical activity of the substance, B — magnetic induction (T), L — light path length in the medium (m).
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Discovered by
Michael Faraday
Related concepts
electromagnetismfast radio burstinterstellar mediumpolarimetrypolarizationradio astronomy
Related laws
Maxwell's equationsZeeman effect

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