
Opposition to electric current, causing energy loss as heat.Electrical resistance is the property of a material that opposes the flow of electric current, converting some of the electrical energy into heat. It is the reason wires warm up, light bulbs glow, and electronic devices dissipate power. Resistance arises from collisions between moving charge carriers (usually electrons) and the atoms or impurities in the material, which scatter the carriers and impede their motion.
Georg Ohm formulated the quantitative relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in 1827, now known as Ohm's law. The unit of resistance, the ohm, is named after him.
In a conductor, an applied electric field accelerates free electrons, but they constantly collide with lattice vibrations (phonons) and defects, losing kinetic energy. This scattering creates a drag force proportional to the electron drift velocity, leading to a steady current for a given voltage. The ratio of voltage to current is the resistance, measured in ohms. In semiconductors and insulators, fewer free carriers or larger energy gaps make resistance much higher.
Resistance is exploited in heating elements, fuses, and current-limiting circuits, and is a key parameter in designing everything from microchips to power grids.
Superconductors have exactly zero resistance below a critical temperature, allowing current to flow without any energy loss.





