Entropy as a Source of Particles: From Bits to Matter ✛

Original: "Particle creation from entanglement entropy"
arXiv:2508.17067 · 2025-08-23 · CC BY 4.0 · 2 min
Time-varying entanglement alone can create particles, without acceleration or horizons.

In 1989, John Wheeler proposed a bold idea: "it from bit," meaning everything that exists arises from information. For a long time, this remained a beautiful metaphor, but now physicists have found a concrete mechanism that turns bits into particles. It turns out that entanglement entropy, a measure of quantum connectedness, can act as a conductor, orchestrating the birth of matter.

The moving mirror model, a boundary that mimics an event horizon, allowed the derivation of explicit formulas. In the nonrelativistic limit, entanglement entropy is proportional to the mirror's velocity, and the Bogoliubov beta coefficients, which give the amplitudes of particle pair creation, are expressed in terms of the Fourier transform of the entropy. This means that information flow directly generates radiation.

In the black hole analog, the number of particles is given by N = 768 C M⁴/π, where C is Catalan's constant, and the radiation energy exactly equals the black hole mass: E = M.

Testing on three scenarios, accelerated motion, black hole evaporation, and beta decay, confirmed the universality of the approach. For beta decay, the photon spectrum turns out to be a one-dimensional Planckian distribution, indicating thermal radiation. Harmonic cycles give N ≈ 12 n s² and E = 6 n s² κ for a large number of oscillations n.

The work fills a gap: previously, entropy was derived from radiation; now it itself serves as the source of particles. This opens a path to creating matter without acceleration, solely through changes in entanglement. Possible extensions include moving to relativistic speeds and dimensions higher than 1+1, as well as exploring the connection with temperature via the first law of thermodynamics. In the long run, this approach could provide a tool for testing the "it from bit" hypothesis in quantum gravity and lead to new ways of generating particles.

Catalan's constant, which appears in the particle number for a black hole, equals the sum of the alternating series of reciprocals of odd squares: 1/1² − 1/3² + 1/5² − ... ≈ 0.915965.

The "it from bit" idea resonates with Greg Egan's novel "Permutation City," where reality is constructed from pure information.

N = \frac{24}{\pi} \int_0^\infty \omega |S_\omega|^2 d\omega
The number of particles is determined by the integral of the squared modulus of the Fourier transform of entropy, multiplied by frequency.
E = \frac{12}{\pi} \int_0^\infty \omega^2 |S_\omega|^2 d\omega
The radiation energy is expressed through the integral of the squared modulus of the Fourier transform of entropy with a weight of ω².
Scientists
Jacob BekensteinStephen HawkingClaude ShannonWilhelm WienLudwig BoltzmannCharles Bennett
Concepts
particle creation entanglement generation information spread pair production quantum entanglement extraction information processing black hole entropy entropy photon pair generation enthalpy entropic gravity interaction quantum connection correlation entangled photon pairs emission entropic shadow thermodynamics chemical potential spontaneous emission entanglement