A new class of charged black holes in four-dimensional spacetime is introduced, based on the use of Dunkl derivatives. The metric function is obtained from the modified Einstein equations with extended Dunkl derivatives after computing the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar through Christoffel symbols. The influence of charge on thermodynamics is studied: basic quantities are calculated, heat capacity is determined, and P-v criticality is analyzed. The critical pressure Pc, temperature Tc, and specific volume vc are expressed in terms of charge Q and the Dunkl reflection parameters A and B. The ratio Pc vc / Tc is universal with respect to Q and B. In the limit A→0, Van der Waals fluid behavior is recovered. The Joule–Thomson effect for such holes exhibits both similarities and differences compared to the Van der Waals gas. Phase transitions are discussed based on Gibbs free energy calculations.
Scientists applied an unusual mathematical approach in the equations of искривления пространства-времени and obtained a new type of charged чёрных дыр. Their behavior turned out to be surprisingly familiar: this is how вода in a pot behaves when it starts to boil. At a certain combination of pressure, volume, and temperature, the difference between a "liquid" and "gaseous" black hole vanishes. This is exactly like the critical point of water: steam and liquid become indistinguishable.
Even Стивен Хокинг and Яаков Бекенштейн proved that black holes have temperature and энтропия (a measure of disorder). The new research adds that the transitions between states of these objects obey the same laws as steam boiling. Most unexpectedly: if you remove the mathematical "seasoning" from the calculations, the black hole behaves exactly like an ideal gas describing the transformation of water into steam.
🎯 Black holes are not eternal: due to Hawking radiation, they slowly evaporate. A tiny black hole could "boil" away and vanish in a fraction of a second.