Black holes behave like boiling water express

Original: "Dunkl-Corrected Deformation of RN-AdS Black Hole Thermodynamics"
· Maryem Jemri
arXiv:2512.19200 · 2025-12-22 · CC BY 4.0 · 1 min
Scientists discovered that black holes can behave like boiling water: they have a critical point and obey familiar laws of thermodynamics.

Scientists applied an unusual mathematical approach in the equations of spacetime curvature and obtained a new type of charged black hole. Their behavior turned out to be surprisingly familiar: this is how Water in a pot behaves when it starts to boil. At a certain combination of pressure, volume, and temperature, the difference between a "liquid" and "gaseous" black hole vanishes. This is exactly like the critical point of water: steam and liquid become indistinguishable.

For all such black holes, the ratio of these three quantities remains constant, like a universal culinary proportion.

Even Stephen Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein proved that black holes have temperature and entropy (a measure of disorder). The new research adds that the transitions between states of these objects obey the same laws as steam boiling. Most unexpectedly: if you remove the mathematical "seasoning" from the calculations, the black hole behaves exactly like an ideal gas describing the transformation of water into steam.

Black holes are not eternal: due to Hawking radiation, they slowly evaporate. A tiny black hole could "boil" away and vanish in a fraction of a second.

\frac{P_c v_c}{T_c} = \text{const}
P_c — critical pressure, v_c — critical specific volume, T_c — critical temperature; their ratio is constant for all studied black holes.
Scientists
Stephen HawkingJacob BekensteinFritz ZwickyKarl SchwarzschildSubrahmanyan ChandrasekharRainer Weiss
Concepts
charged black hole tidal charge black hole thermodynamics charge to mass ratio critical collapse schwarzschild metric kerr metric wald entropy