Physicists have constructed a new class of charged black holes by incorporating Dunkl derivatives into the gravity equations, which take into account mirror reflections at the microscale. The calculations revealed that the thermodynamics of these objects resembles the behavior of a Van der Waals gas: under certain conditions, phase transitions occur, akin to a liquid turning into vapor. The remarkable thing is that the critical ratio of pressure, volume, and temperature turned out to be universal—independent of the charge and one of the reflection parameters. This points to a deep connection between quantum symmetries and how black holes 'boil'.
Scientists applied an unusual mathematical approach in the equations of искривления пространства-времени and obtained a new type of charged чёрных дыр. Their behavior turned out to be surprisingly familiar: this is how вода in a pot behaves when it starts to boil. At a certain combination of pressure, volume, and temperature, the difference between a "liquid" and "gaseous" black hole vanishes. This is exactly like the critical point of water: steam and liquid become indistinguishable.
Even Стивен Хокинг and Яаков Бекенштейн proved that black holes have temperature and энтропия (a measure of disorder). The new research adds that the transitions between states of these objects obey the same laws as steam boiling. Most unexpectedly: if you remove the mathematical "seasoning" from the calculations, the black hole behaves exactly like an ideal gas describing the transformation of water into steam.
🎯 Black holes are not eternal: due to Hawking radiation, they slowly evaporate. A tiny black hole could "boil" away and vanish in a fraction of a second.