A quantum computer is like an orchestra, where each qubit is a musician and the control signals are the conductor. If the conductor waves the baton imprecisely, the musicians fall out of sync. In a real device, signals pass through power amplifiers, like loudspeakers that add noise and distortion. This causes qubits to perform operations with errors.
Usually, to reduce distortion, the signal is attenuated, as if the conductor were asked to wave more gently. But then the music sounds weaker, and more energy is wasted. Scientists have proposed a different approach: pre-distort the signal in the opposite direction. This method is called digital pre-correction. It works like adjusting an equalizer: knowing that a speaker "booms" at low frequencies, we cut the bass in advance so that the output sound is clean.
It's as if the conductor knew in advance that the orchestra would lag slightly and started the beat a bit earlier. The musicians don't need to play louder or softer: they just play more precisely. This approach makes quantum computing more reliable and cheaper, since expensive distortion-suppression equipment is not required.
Power amplifiers in quantum computers are similar to those in cell towers, but tuned to ultra-high frequencies — up to several gigahertz.
In Neal Stephenson's novel "Anathem," quantum computers require perfect isolation from interference — digital pre-correction would be very useful there.