How Two-Headed Comets Are Born express

Original: "Direct contact binary planetesimal formation from gravitational collapse"
arXiv:2602.16056 · 2026-02-17 · CC BY 4.0 · 1 min
Double-lobed icy bodies in the Kuiper Belt may have formed directly in that shape, without collisions.

The icy body Arrokoth looks like a snowman: two spheres pressed together. Many such two-headed objects exist beyond Neptune's orbit, in the Kuiper Belt. For a long time, it was thought they formed from the slow collision of two separate bodies.

New simulations show a different path. A cloud of small pebbles around the young Sun collapses under its own gravity. The pebbles do not clump into a single sphere but into two adjacent clumps that later merge gently. Thus a snowman is born without any impact.

Arrokoth's surface has almost no craters and is covered with the same ice on both halves. This is a sign of a calm birth, not a violent history.

The calculations reproduce the shape of Arrokoth and other two-headed Kuiper Belt objects. So their appearance is not a coincidence but a record of how the first planetary embryos assembled.

The two halves of Arrokoth have nearly identical ice compositions, as if they were made from the same dough.

In Arthur C. Clarke's novel Rendezvous with Rama, the alien spacecraft also has the shape of two joined cylinders.

Scientists
Fritz ZwickyIsaac NewtonJohn MichellRobert HookeJames JeansSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Concepts
planetesimal formation binary black hole astrochemical molecular formation protoplanetary disk protoplanetary disk chemistry planetary accretion chemistry solar system planetary embryo direct collapse black holes asteroid belt planet free-floating planet debris disk planetary composition formation asteroid impact gap x ray binary microquasar