What Powers a Black Hole's Jet? Three Suspects express

Original: "The Origin of the Magnetic Flux Driving TDE Jets"
arXiv:2607.20615 · 2026-07-22 · CC BY 4.0 · 2 min
Powerful plasma jets after a star is shredded are fueled not by the star's magnetic field but by the old disk.

A branch falls into a whirlpool. It gets spun and broken, but sometimes a powerful fountain of water bursts from the center. Similarly, a black hole tears apart a passing star, and occasionally a blinding plasma jet, a jet, shoots into space.

A jet after a star is shredded shines with a power of up to $10^{48}$ erg per second: that's like a billion billion atomic bombs every second.

Where does the energy for such a fountain come from? The prime suspect is the black hole and its curved spacetime. According to the Blandford–Znajek mechanism, the jet is powered by the hole's rotation and the magnetic field threading its horizon. But where does the field itself come from? The authors considered three possibilities. The first is the magnetic field of the shredded star. Alas, measurements show that a typical stellar field is too weak to accelerate the jet to observed speeds. It's like trying to light up a stadium with a pocket flashlight.

The second idea is more elegant: the field is carried in by the star's debris as it falls onto the hole from large distances (the lasso mechanism). But for the field not to dissipate along the way, it must be special, decaying slowly with distance, and the debris must neatly pack it near the horizon. The third idea is the most down-to-earth: the magnetic field was already there, in the remnants of an old accretion disk — the very "whirlpool" of gas and dust that swirled around the hole long before the catastrophe. Calculations show that such a "stored" magnetic flux can provide the needed power without extra tricks.

An accretion disk around a black hole can store a magnetic field for years, like a coiled spring, and release it at the moment of the star's disruption.

So, most likely, the dazzling jet is not a gift from the shredded star but a legacy of the old disk, suddenly getting a fresh supply of fuel. The fountain shoots not because the branch is electrified, but because the funnel was already charged.

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) are so rare that in a galaxy like ours they occur once every 10–100 thousand years. But since there are billions of galaxies, astronomers are seeing them more and more often.

In Peter Watts's novel Blindsight, alien probes use black holes' magnetic fields for interstellar communication — much like TDE jets, but artificial.

Scientists
Stephen HawkingJacob BekensteinFritz ZwickyBernhard RiemannJoseph WeberKarl Schwarzschild
Concepts
tidal disruption event relativistic jets black hole wind debris disk accretion disk wind tidal force jet flare black hole formation mechanism galactic winds ultra fast outflow stellar stream outflow microquasar magnetic dynamo hills mechanism stellar flares eddy quasi periodic eruptions dynamical friction