Spun to the Limit: Black Hole Bypasses Laws ✎ express

Original: "Violation of the third law of black hole mechanics in vacuum gravity"
arXiv:2601.20955 · 2026-01-28 · arXiv non-exclusive · independent analysis · 1 min
[tag:black_hole]Black holes[/tag] can reach maximum spin in finite time, violating the third law of their mechanics — like a whirlpool instantly gaining speed.

The third law of black hole mechanics, proposed by Stephen Hawking, forbids a hole from spinning up to its limit in finite time — much like a whirlpool would need an eternity to reach absolute speed. Yet numerical simulations in five dimensions break this rule.

An extremal black hole is a cosmic whirlpool whose edges spin at nearly the speed of light, and its entropy hits its maximum.

Simulations showed that a non-rotating hole can accelerate to its extreme all by itself. Moreover, such a vortex can spring directly from empty space — with no initial matter at all. It's as if a perfect whirlpool were to suddenly appear in a calm ocean, flouting the laws of hydrodynamics. The discovery shakes the analogy between gravity and heat: rules once thought unshakable lose their grip in higher-dimensional worlds.

The third law of black hole mechanics was born from thermodynamics: there, absolute zero temperature is unreachable in a finite number of steps. For black holes, extremal rotation corresponds to zero temperature. Now it turns out this threshold can be reached without a long buildup.

Scientists
Stephen HawkingJacob BekensteinFritz ZwickyKarl SchwarzschildSubrahmanyan ChandrasekharRainer Weiss
Concepts
schwarzschild black hole First law of black hole mechanics schwarzschild metric classical gravity modified gravity singularities newtons laws horizon area naked singularity general relativity gravitational singularity particle creation Hawking area theorem no-hair theorem wald entropy quantum bounce Lorentz Invariance Violation three body problem dark matter curvature Birkhoff's theorem hawking area law