A black hole is not just a dark sphere in space. If there is gas and dust nearby, they swirl into a flat, glowing disk that gradually falls inward. This disk acts like a lamp, illuminating the hole itself, and against the bright background you can see its shadow — a dark silhouette with sharp edges.

But what if the disk is not flat but torn into pieces? This happens when the disk is tilted relative to the hole's spin axis. The hole's rotation drags space itself along: this is called frame dragging. The inner and outer parts of the disk feel this differently, and the disk breaks apart, forming several independent rings. Scientists built a model of such a torn disk and traced the paths of light rays from it to an observer. The result was surprising: the shadow was no longer a single solid shape.

These distortions depend on the tilt angle of the outer ring and on the gaps between the disk's parts. A regular, smooth disk shows no such tricks. So the very shape of the shadow can reveal that the disk is torn. But there's a flip side: if the shadow changes so much due to the disk's structure, you can't rely solely on it to test theories of gravity: it's too easy to confuse the disk's effect with a new property of spacetime.