Brown dwarfs are objects that sit between planets and stars: they are more massive than planets but not heavy enough to sustain stable fusion in their cores.
The young star TOI-451 wobbles slightly as three planets circle it. Each wobble is like the tremor of a spiderweb when a tiny spider crawls across it. Astronomers caught this tremor to learn how heavy the planets are.
They watched the star for several months using telescopes on Earth. The planets kept passing in front of the star, briefly dimming its light.