Moon Bell: A New Way to Catch Gravitational Waves ✛

Original: "Fundamental Noise and Gravitational-Wave Sensitivity of the Laser Interferometer Lunar Antenna (LILA)"
arXiv:2508.18437 · 2025-08-25 · CC BY 4.0 · 1 min
Moon Bell: How the stillness of our satellite will allow us to hear the gravitational hum of the Universe.

Gravitational waves are ripples in space-time, predicted by Einstein over a century ago. Earth-based detectors catch them with lasers, but are blind to low frequencies: hampered by the trembling of the Earth's crust and the thermal jitter of mirrors. The Moon is the perfect listener: no wind, no oceans, no tectonics. A passing low-frequency gravitational wave makes the Moon ring like a bell. The LILA mission will install laser sensors to capture this ringing.

The Moon acts as a natural amplifier: the wave rocks it as a whole, not a tiny mirror in a lab.

LILA Pioneer will register mergers of black holes and neutron stars at frequencies from millihertz to decihertz. LILA Horizon will reach the edge of the visible Universe — to where the first galaxies were born. This is how we'll hear the echo of the expansion of the Universe. A half-century-old idea gains cosmic scale.

In the 1960s, Joseph Weber built the first detector — an aluminum cylinder bell. Today, we've turned the whole Moon into a bell.

S_x(f) = \frac{2 k_B T (1-\sigma^2) \phi_{\text{eff}}}{\pi^{3/2} f w Y}
Thermal noise increases with temperature and losses, decreases with frequency and spot size
S_x(f) = \frac{\hbar c \lambda}{2 \pi \eta P}
Quantum noise is inversely proportional to laser power
Scientists
Bernhard RiemannJoseph WeberKarl SchwarzschildKip ThorneRainer WeissAlbert Einstein
Concepts
lisa lunar gravitational wave detector vla Moon tianqin gravitational wave detector noise reduction alma kagra antennas LIGO cosmic explorer taiji radio source virgo radio interference miri laser interferometer gigahertz laser ranging ionosphere