A Black Hole as a Heat Engine express

Original: "On the structure of black hole interior in a model of scalar quasi-particles within the GR framework"
· S. Bondarenko
arXiv:2607.03938 · 2026-07-04 · CC BY 4.0 · 1 min
The inside of a black hole may be layered like a cake and work like a heat engine.

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A black hole's interior is layered like an onion. In the new model, instead of an infinite point at the center, there are three regions: a dense core, a transition layer, and a crust just below the horizon. All arise from a single field that interacts with itself.

The core is a region of negative energy, similar to a condensate of particles without motion. It is described by a negative temperature, which in thermodynamics means a state with inverted level populations.

The crust consists of massive thermal excitations with positive energy. Between them is a thin transition layer where matter density is maximal and gravity almost vanishes. The whole structure is held together by Einstein's equations and stitched via Israel's junction conditions.

The formation and evaporation of a black hole becomes a cycle of a nearly adiabatic heat engine. The working substance is the core with negative energy, which exchanges heat with the crust through two different types of temperature.

A negative temperature on the Kelvin scale is hotter than an infinite positive temperature: if you bring a body with negative temperature into contact with one with positive temperature, heat flows from the negative to the positive.

A similar layered world with reversed time flow is described in Greg Egan's novel 'Schild's Ladder'.

Scientists
John Archibald WheelerJacob BekensteinStephen HawkingFritz ZwickyKarl SchwarzschildSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Concepts
schwarzschild black hole non singular black hole inner horizon horizon area surface gravity massless scalar field gravastar schwarzschild metric scalar particle innermost stable circular orbit naked singularity absolute zero torus wald entropy syk model no-hair theorem gravitational atom kerr metric Hawking area theorem hawking radiation mechanism