The search for extraterrestrial life is like a detective investigation: from tiny clues, you must distinguish traces of life from random imprints of non-living nature. On Saturn's moon Enceladus, the investigators are lucky — geysers burst from cracks in the icy crust, ejecting water from the subsurface ocean straight into space. This allows sampling without landing on the surface.
Main clues are the ratio of light to heavy carbon atoms and the 'left-handedness' of amino acids. Life on Earth builds proteins exclusively from 'left-handed' molecules, as if all keys in the world only fit left-handed locks. But non-living processes in hot springs can forge both signs. New calculations have shown: without precise data on interior temperature, rock composition, and flow speeds, any measurement remains a guessing game. Too many false leads.
The most unexpected twist is that 'left-handedness' does not guarantee life. In the lab, ultraviolet light makes a mixture of methane and ammonia spontaneously produce 'left-handed' amino acids. The universe masterfully covers its tracks.
Enceladus's geysers eject water so fast that it flies into space and feeds one of Saturn's rings.
In Arthur C. Clarke's novel '2010: Odyssey Two,' an intelligent force forbids humans from landing on Europa because there, under the ice, evolution is just beginning.