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Time won't disappear when the stars go out ⚡ экспресс

Original: "Remarks on the Fundamentals of Time oder die Zeitd\"ammerung"
· Joseph S. Finberg
The growth of disorder explains the flow of time, but not time itself.
Abstract

The work points to a categorical mistake: time and entropy are not the same thing. Entropy (a measure of disorder) sets the arrow of time, but doesn't create time itself. Even at heat death (maximum entropy), temporal structure persists thanks to correlations in the quantum vacuum and the geometry of spacetime. It’s like a movie: even if the film stops rolling, the frame itself doesn't vanish—we simply lose direction. The twilight of time isn't the darkness of non-existence, but a loss of orientation.

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Time is often compared to a river flowing from order to disorder. The growth of disorder — entropy — does set the direction. But Ludwig Boltzmann showed that the river and its current are not the same thing. Time is the riverbed, not the stream. When the Universe expands to its limit and reaches full equilibrium, all processes will stop. Energy will be spread evenly, stars will go out. But time itself, woven into spacetime curvature, will not go anywhere. It will become like a river emptying into a boundless ocean: water is there, but no current. Past and future will lose meaning — everything will merge into a vast 'now'. In such a world, shards of a broken cup could reassemble themselves — the arrow of time would vanish. This knowledge separates the physical essence of time from our usual sense of events.

🎯 In the heat death state, temperature will drop to fractions of a degree above absolute zero. A single photon would feel like unbearable heat in such an icy void.

🎬 Isaac Asimov, in his story 'The Last Question', described the end of entropy, yet even there time remains a river without a current.

Scientists
Adam RiessBrian SchmidtEdwin HubbleGeorges LemaîtreMaarten SchmidtSaul Perlmutter
Tags
entropy spacetime curvature expansion of the universe
Laws
Hubble's lawsecond law of thermodynamicsBekenstein-Hawking entropyBoltzmann distributionfirst law of thermodynamicsequivalence principle
Original: arXiv:2508.14312 · CC BY 4.0 · bridge42worlds