In the KV2Se2O crystal, magnetic layers are almost unconnected, like sheets in a stack. Each layer does its own thing: in one, electron arrows line up as in an altermagnet, in the neighboring one, as in a regular antiferromagnet. This dual coexistence was observed thanks to a scanning tunneling microscope. Cooling to near absolute zero suppressed thermal noise, and an ultrasensitive tip, exploiting the tunnel effect (discovered by Leo Esaki and John Bardeen), was able to sense the spin of each atom. The device captured interference patterns — ripples from electron waves, like circles on water. A step on the crystal surface, usually just a defect, became a window into the adjacent layer, allowing a direct comparison of the two magnetic patterns. Previous computer simulations and spectroscopy only gave an averaged picture; direct measurement revealed the secret. And the crystal's symmetry, studied by Emmy Noether, explained how two orders coexist in one material. This dualism opens a path towards electronics controlled by magnetic moment.
Steps on a cleavage surface are usually considered defects, but here they became a ‘window’ into the neighboring layer, allowing a direct comparison of the two magnetic patterns.