At the center of our Galaxy lurks the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* — a heavyweight that holds stars in its grip. Astronomers dream of finding pulsars near it: these cosmic lighthouses emit radio pulses with the precision of atomic clocks. If you catch such a pulsar in orbit around the black hole, you can measure how space and time are warped in its vicinity.

New work offers a realistic model for such observations. The scientists accounted not only for the pulsar's ordinary motion but also for subtle delays that arise when a light ray bends around the black hole. For the first time, they included the proper motion of Sagittarius A* — the black hole is not stationary; it shifts slightly, and this affects measurements.

The model was tested against possible disturbances — for instance, if the pulsar turns out to be ordinary rather than millisecond, its signal may be noisy. It's like listening to a ticking clock in a noisy workshop: you need to pick out the useful signal. The authors showed which black hole parameters can be measured most accurately and proposed a data analysis procedure. Such a model will become a working tool for future sky surveys conducted by next-generation radio telescopes.