Edward D. Young

Scientists have built the first model of sub-Neptune interiors where hydrogen and rock are not separated but mixed. It turns out that in young planets, hydrogen makes up tens of percent of the mass and, as it escapes outward, slows down contraction. This explains why juvenile sub-Neptunes are larger

Astronomers have found many rocky planets wrapped in a thick layer of hydrogen. Experiments with pressures of 600,000 atmospheres and heat above 4000°C have shown for the first time: deep inside, hydrogen pulls oxygen from rust (iron oxides) and turns it into water. This unseen chemical factory can

A new study turns our understanding of Uranus and Neptune upside down. Instead of layers of frozen water and methane, an ocean of magma soaked with hydrogen likely sloshes inside them. This idea explains all the mysteries of these planets and makes them kin to distant worlds around other stars.