Song Liu

Using spectroscopy, like a probe feeling the electron clouds, physicists discovered: at one energy electrons sit on atoms, at another — in between. This means the internal structure of the material is more complex than a simple model, and such knowledge will help create quantum devices.

A superconducting qubit and a fast modulator turned frequencies into floors for a single photon, letting it wander randomly, oscillate, or move only forward. This is a step toward compact quantum simulators.