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Newton's first lawlaw

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Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that motion requires a constant force. Only in the 17th century did Galileo Galilei, through thought experiments with inclined planes, show that a body maintains its speed without any effort if there is no friction. Isaac Newton generalized this idea as the first law of mechanics in his work 'Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy' (1687). The law states: there exist reference frames (inertial, i.e., moving without acceleration) in which a free body remains at rest or in uniform rectilinear motion until forces compel it to change that state.

How it works

A passenger in a bus involuntarily leans forward during braking: the bus decelerates, but the person continues moving by inertia. A ball in a vacuum cleaner hose flies straight if it doesn't touch the walls — that's also inertia.

💡 In interstellar space, probes like Voyager encounter almost no resistance and literally obey the first law: once launched, they can travel for billions of years at nearly constant speed.
\sum \vec{F} = 0 \implies \vec{v} = \text{const}
∑F is the vector sum of all forces acting on the body; v is the velocity of the body; const means constant in magnitude and direction.
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Discovered by
Isaac NewtonGalileo Galilei
Related concepts
gravity
Related laws
Newton's second lawlaw of conservation of momentum

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