Supernova Echoes: A Fresh Measure of the Hubble Constant ✛ ✦

Original: "A new $$H_0$$ measurement with SNe Requiem and Encore using $$\texttt{Gravity.jl}$$"
arXiv:2606.25205 · 2026-06-23 · CC BY-SA 4.0 · 3 min
Light delays from two supernovae in a gravitational lens served as an independent chronometer, measuring the universe's expansion rate.

Throughout the last century, cosmology measured the universe's expansion rate using supernovae, redshifts, and the cosmic microwave background. But careful measurements led to drama: Hubble's law ceased to be a law — different methods yield Hubble constant values that diverge by almost 5σ. This is the 'Hubble tension,' and it hints at a crack in the very foundation of the ΛCDM cosmological model. Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion, Albert Einstein provided its geometry, and Fritz Zwicky proposed using gravitational lensing as a natural telescope. Now astronomers have applied this optical trick to catch echoes of distant supernovae, and from their time delays derive an independent expansion rate. It's like calculating the volume of a cathedral from the echoes of footsteps.

In the galaxy cluster MACS J0138, billions of light-years away, two Type Ia supernovae, SN Requiem and SN Encore, put on a remarkable show: the light from each split into multiple images, arriving with different delays. It's like a single thunderclap generating a series of rumbles as it echoes off canyon walls — the differences in sound arrival reveal the valley's geometry. Astronomers reconstructed a detailed map of the gravitational field from 23 multiple images of eight background sources, captured by Hubble and James Webb, along with MUSE spectroscopy.

SN Requiem was found in archival images from 2016, and its 'sister' SN Encore lit up in 2023, as if on schedule: two cosmic fireworks in the same galaxy, revealed by the lens. An exceptionally rare event.

The cluster mass was modeled using the Bayesian package Gravity.jl: dark matter was described by an elliptical profile, visible galaxies by scaling relations, and dark energy within ΛCDM set the global geometry. Light curves of the supernovae provided time delays accurate to within a few days. For Encore, one image leads the others by 38 days, while the slowest will arrive in 3177 days. For Requiem, the latest echo lags by nearly 11 years — expected by 2027. The joint analysis yielded H₀ = 67.0+9.3-7.8 km/s/Mpc — a value that nearly matches estimates from the cosmic microwave background and baryon acoustic oscillations.

The anticipated fourth image of SN Requiem will hit telescopes in 2027, and its precise timing will shrink the H₀ uncertainty to 3–5%. Gravitational lenses are thus turning into chronometers of cosmic scale.

This result not only confirms the early universe but also sharpens the Hubble tension: the independent lensing method sides with cosmological parameters, not local measurements. It's as if the same clock, viewed from different angles, runs at different speeds. The solution may lie in the properties of dark energy, unresolved systematics, or even a revision of the laws of gravity. Further monitoring and accounting for the surface brightness of arcs will refine the model. With the launch of the Rubin Observatory, the stream of lensed supernovae will grow by orders of magnitude, turning the method into a standard cosmic ruler. And in 2027, we will catch Requiem's last echo, and perhaps hear the quiet music of new physics, written in the light delays.

SN Requiem was found by chance: it lay dormant in archival Hubble images from 2016. Its sister SN Encore was later predicted and deliberately caught in the right spot. Two supernovae in one gravitational trap — a double stroke of luck that doubles the reliability of the cosmological ruler.

\Delta t_{ij} = \frac{D_{\Delta t}}{c} [\tau(\theta_i) - \tau(\theta_j)]
The delay between a pair of images is proportional to the difference in gravitational potentials of the trajectories and the so-called 'time-delay distance' D_Δt, which inversely depends on H₀.
D_{\Delta t} = (1+z_l) \frac{D_l D_s}{D_{ls}}
D_Δt links the distances to the lens, to the source, and between them; this quantity serves as a bridge between the delay and H₀, effectively setting the scale of cosmic clocks.
Scientists
Adam RiessBrian SchmidtEdwin HubbleGeorges LemaîtreMaarten SchmidtSaul Perlmutter
Concepts
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