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Newton's third lawlaw

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Newton's third law, also called the law of action and reaction, states: the forces of interaction between two bodies are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. It is important to understand that they are applied to different bodies, so they do not balance each other. Isaac Newton in the 'Principia' (1687) gave this principle a strict mathematical form, but empirically people always faced opposition: when rowing, the oar pushes the water backward, and the water pushes the boat forward.

How it works

A balloon, if inflated and released, flies around the room: the air rushes out of the opening in one direction, and the balloon itself is pushed in the other — this is reactive motion.

💡 If the third law suddenly turned off, you couldn't walk: your foot pushes off the ground, and the ground pushes you forward.
\vec{F}_{12} = -\vec{F}_{21}
F12 is the force with which body 1 acts on body 2; F21 is the force of body 2 on body 1; the minus sign means opposite direction.
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Discovered by
Isaac NewtonChristiaan Huygens
Related concepts
gravity
Related laws
Newton's second lawlaw of conservation of momentum

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