The most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, with very short wavelengths.Gamma rays are the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, with wavelengths shorter than about 10 picometers — smaller than an atomic nucleus. They are produced by the hottest and most violent processes in the universe: supernova explosions, neutron star collisions, pulsars, and matter falling into black holes. On Earth, they also arise from radioactive decay and nuclear reactions.
Gamma rays were discovered by Paul Villard in 1900 while studying radiation from radium. Ernest Rutherford named them 'gamma rays' in 1903, following the earlier naming of alpha and beta rays.
Gamma rays are photons with energies above roughly 100 keV. Because of their extreme energy, they interact with matter primarily through pair production and Compton scattering, making them highly penetrating and difficult to focus with conventional lenses or mirrors. They are detected indirectly, often via the flashes of light produced when they strike a scintillator crystal or via the particle showers they trigger in detectors.
Gamma rays are used in medical imaging (PET scans), cancer radiotherapy, sterilization of medical equipment, and industrial radiography for inspecting welds and metal structures.
Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous electromagnetic events known, releasing more energy in a few seconds than the Sun will emit in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime.







