Kenji Toma

In 2019, astronomers unveiled the first-ever image of a black hole's shadow — a dark void encircled by a lopsided orange ring. This is the supermassive black hole at the heart of galaxy M87, 55 million light-years away. The ring isn't just glowing: one side is noticeably brighter than the other, like a campfire burning unevenly, with flames leaping higher on one side.

Radio telescopes scattered across the globe pick up waves from distant black holes. But two telescopes placed almost side by side see only a blurry blob — fine details are beyond them. Usually, such pairs are considered useless and discarded. But that's a mistake: even a blurry blob holds clues.

Radio waves passing through magnetized gas have their polarization slightly rotated, like a compass needle deflecting near a magnet. This rotation, called the Faraday effect, revealed the invisible environment around the supermassive black hole in galaxy NGC 1275.

At the center of the Milky Way lies the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*. It is four million times more massive than the Sun, but by cosmic standards it behaves quietly: it only occasionally flares up when it swallows a clump of gas.

A living organism is a machine that constantly channels energy through itself and converts it into heat. This internal cycle is called internal entropy production (a measure of energy dissipation). But about 2.5 million years ago, our ancestors switched on a second loop — an external one. They picked up a sharpened stone, and then a burning branch.

In April 2021, the antennas of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)—a global network of millimeter-wave radio telescopes — zeroed in on a tiny spot in the constellation Virgo.