concept

metric

A mathematical object that defines the geometry of spacetime, including distances and angles.
21 related articles

Description

In physics, a metric is a mathematical object that defines the geometry of spacetime, specifying how distances and angles are measured. It is the core of Einstein's general relativity, where gravity is not a force but a consequence of spacetime curvature described by the metric tensor. The metric determines the interval between events, which is the spacetime analog of distance, and its components encode how clocks tick and rulers measure in different gravitational fields.

History

Introduced by Bernhard Riemann in the 1850s as a generalization of Gauss's work on surfaces, and later adopted by Albert Einstein in 1915 for general relativity.

How it works

The metric is a set of functions that take two nearby points in spacetime and return the squared interval between them. In flat space, this is the familiar Pythagorean theorem extended to time, but in curved space the metric varies from point to point, reflecting the presence of mass and energy. The equations of general relativity relate the metric to the distribution of matter and energy, so solving them gives the geometry of spacetime around stars, black holes, and the universe itself.

In practice

The metric is essential for GPS satellite navigation, where relativistic corrections to spacetime geometry are needed for accurate positioning.

Fun fact

The metric of spacetime around a rotating black hole can drag nearby space along with it, an effect called frame-dragging, which was confirmed by the Gravity Probe B experiment.

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Related articles · 21

General Relativity2026-08-162 minarXiv:2608.15723express
A Date of Two Black Holes: How to Calculate Their Dance More Precisely
Two black holes, caught in a dance, spiral closer and closer until they merge into one. This dance is not silent: it shakes spacetime itself, sending gravitational waves rippling across the Universe. To understand what we hear in these waves, we need a precise mathematical model of the dance.
Weather vs. Climate: How to Tell Noise from Signal
In winter, one part of town gets three times as much snow as the neighborhood next door. One year is a scorcher, the next is a cold snap. That's the whims of weather. But over decades, a different, slow shift emerges: winters, on average, get milder. Telling the two apart is the central challenge for climate scientists.
General Relativity2026-08-072 minarXiv:2608.07046express
How Entropy Builds a Black Hole
A black hole is not just a dark spot in space. It has a temperature, and it radiates. It has entropy — a measure of hidden information encoded on its horizon's surface, like a pattern on a soap bubble.
General Relativity2026-08-052 minarXiv:2608.04867express
Matter vs. Spacetime: A Matter of Choice
A scale that weighs not a body, but the very space around it. That's how Einstein's equations work in general relativity: they link the curvature of spacetime to what resides within it.
General Relativity2026-07-312 minarXiv:2607.29350express
How Orbits Reveal the Universe's Curvature
A thrown stone arcs through the air and falls. A planet orbiting a star is the same stone, but it falls forever, looping around the star in a closed curve. In Newton's world, that curve is a perfect ellipse, and the planet returns to the same point each orbit. In reality, the orbit slowly rotates: its closest point to the star, the perihelion, shifts.
General Relativity2026-07-281 minarXiv:2607.26035express
The Universe as a Web of Quantum Connections
In the quiet of the quantum world, there is no emptiness. Particles are intertwined by invisible threads — entanglement. The authors of the work proposed that the very fabric of spacetime is woven from these threads. This is not just a metaphor: they built a mathematical framework where the distance between points is determined by how much shared information they hold.
General Relativity2026-07-211 minarXiv:2607.19141express
Quantum Clocks to Test the Equivalence Principle
Gravity in our world is curved spacetime. That's how Einstein's general theory of relativity describes it. But what happens to gravity at the level of atoms and particles, where quantum mechanics rules? This question has remained unanswered for nearly a century.
General Relativity2026-06-192 minarXiv:2606.21603express
Gravity, Electricity, and a Hidden Harmony
In the early 20th century, Einstein showed that gravity is the curvature of space and time. A bit earlier, Maxwell had unified electricity and magnetism into a single theory.
General Relativity2026-06-162 minarXiv:2606.17580express
Gravity Without Spacetime
Gravity is usually explained through the curvature of spacetime. Massive bodies press it down like a bowling ball on a stretched rubber sheet. But this approach has two lesser-known twins. In one, gravity arises from torsion (twisting) of spacetime; in the other, from its non-metricity (when lengths and angles change during transport).
General Relativity2026-06-101 minarXiv:2606.12630express
How Gravity Rewires Electricity
A flashlight beam travels straight into the dark: that's how we usually think of light. But near a massive body, like a star or a black hole, space is curved, and the beam bends smoothly, as if guided by an invisible hand. The authors of a new study have worked out exactly how gravity alters the familiar laws of electricity and magnetism.
General Relativity2026-05-241 minarXiv:2605.24967express
Spacetime turns grainy when measured
You can zoom into a high-resolution photo for a long time — until suddenly a smooth face dissolves into individual pixels. Something similar, according to a new study, happens to spacetime itself. The authors propose that tiny intervals of length are not pre-existing 'parts' of the universe but results of measurements.
General Relativity2026-05-101 minarXiv:2605.09660express
The Universe Checks Its Own Honesty
When two dead stars collide in a distant galaxy, two messengers bring us the news: a shiver in space, a gravitational wave, and a flash of light. Both messengers race toward us across the entire Universe, but their paths can differ slightly. Light sometimes gets delayed by cosmic dust, while gravitational waves pass through everything almost without noticing obstacles.
General Relativity2026-05-031 minarXiv:2605.02975express
Gravitational memory as a defect in the fabric of spacetime
Spacetime resembles a giant crystal. Gravitational waves, born from collisions of black holes, not only make it tremble — they leave indelible defects: edge ones, as if an extra plane of atoms was inserted into the crystal, and screw ones, where the layers twist.
Atomic Nuclei Measure Gravity
A clock isn't just hands. Every atomic nucleus is a natural metronome: it oscillates with nearly perfect regularity. If you lift one such metronome a couple of meters, its rhythm speeds up ever so slightly — that's time warping, as predicted by Einstein.
Statistical Mech2026-04-081 minarXiv:2604.07476express
Rhythm as a Dance of Order and Chaos
Music relies on repetition: we expect the beat to return, like a chorus coming back. But if you repeat the same thing for too long, it gets boring. The composer seems to walk a tightrope between the familiar and the unexpected. Scientists translated this balance into the language of physics.
General Relativity2026-03-261 minarXiv:2603.25305express
Light vs. Gravity: Which Is Faster?
Two black holes spiral faster and faster until they merge into one. This dance shakes space itself: waves ripple outward from the collision site, like ripples from a stone thrown into a pond. Sometimes the merger also produces a flash of light.
General Relativity2026-03-211 minarXiv:2603.20657express
How a Star's Insides Bend Its Path
A heavy spinning top launched near a black hole doesn't follow the curve that textbooks draw. Its own rotation and oblateness, like a pumpkin squashed at the poles, make the trajectory wobble. In a new study, this wobbling path has been calculated more precisely than ever before. Usually, a small body in a black hole's field is treated as a point — without size or spin.
Quantum Physics2026-03-101 minarXiv:2603.11079express
How Charging a Battery Explains Time
Two phones with identical batteries: one charges in a basement with a weak signal, and the process goes slower. The battery percentage here plays the role of a clock hand. Physicists applied the same logic to the quantum world. Their clock is a microscopic battery that stores energy. The charging rate depends on a hidden quantum 'mode'—like a switch.
Quantum Physics2026-02-201 minarXiv:2602.18524express
The Clocks That Throw Off the Scales
Ultra-precise scales that catch the slightest changes in gravity work like a keen ear: they hear even the whisper of distant underground voids or the tremors of the Earth's crust. But such instruments have a hidden enemy: their own internal clocks. Time inside the sensor also jitters, and this jitter smears the picture.
Quantum Physics2025-11-101 minarXiv:2511.07220express
How Time Can Run Backwards
We’re used to time flowing only forward. But quantum laws let it become like a coin showing heads and tails at once. Take a particle with its own spin — its intrinsic rotation. In a magnetic field, it spins like a top. Send this particle through a device where two opposing magnetic flows fight each other — and it will start moving into the future and the past at the same time.
A City Map Where the Streets Stay the Same but the Distances Change
Imagine a city drawn on a sheet of paper. The streets are the same, the intersections are in place, but the distances between blocks have suddenly changed.