
A mathematical object that defines the geometry of spacetime, including distances and angles.In physics, a metric is a mathematical object that defines the geometry of spacetime, specifying how distances and angles are measured. It is the core of Einstein's general relativity, where gravity is not a force but a consequence of spacetime curvature described by the metric tensor. The metric determines the interval between events, which is the spacetime analog of distance, and its components encode how clocks tick and rulers measure in different gravitational fields.
Introduced by Bernhard Riemann in the 1850s as a generalization of Gauss's work on surfaces, and later adopted by Albert Einstein in 1915 for general relativity.
The metric is a set of functions that take two nearby points in spacetime and return the squared interval between them. In flat space, this is the familiar Pythagorean theorem extended to time, but in curved space the metric varies from point to point, reflecting the presence of mass and energy. The equations of general relativity relate the metric to the distribution of matter and energy, so solving them gives the geometry of spacetime around stars, black holes, and the universe itself.
The metric is essential for GPS satellite navigation, where relativistic corrections to spacetime geometry are needed for accurate positioning.
The metric of spacetime around a rotating black hole can drag nearby space along with it, an effect called frame-dragging, which was confirmed by the Gravity Probe B experiment.









