instrument

camera

A device that captures light to form an image or detect photons.
25 related articles

Description

A camera is a device that captures light to form an image or detect photons, converting electromagnetic radiation into a recordable signal. In modern physics, cameras extend far beyond visible light, operating across X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, and even single-photon regimes. They are crucial tools for imaging in astronomy, quantum optics, medical diagnostics, and particle detection, enabling scientists to visualize phenomena from distant galaxies to individual quantum events.

History

The first permanent photograph was taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826, but the concept of a camera obscura dates back to ancient times. Digital sensors emerged in the late 20th century, revolutionizing imaging.

How it works

A camera typically uses a lens or mirror to focus incoming light onto a sensor, such as a CCD or CMOS chip, which converts photons into electrical charges. Each pixel accumulates charge proportional to the number of incident photons, and readout electronics digitize this into an image. Specialized cameras, like single-photon avalanche diodes, can detect individual photons by amplifying a single electron cascade.

In practice

Cameras are used in smartphones, medical endoscopy, astronomical observatories, and quantum imaging systems that visualize entangled photon states.

Fun fact

The first digital camera, invented by Kodak engineer Steven Sasson in 1975, weighed 3.6 kilograms and captured black-and-white images at 0.01 megapixels.

Concept graph →

Related articles · 25

Optics2026-09-053 minarXiv:2609.06193
A Cell in a Dark Trap: Dividing Without Photodamage
In a dark room, you can hold a glowing sphere without touching it: walls of light push it away but do not burn it. That is roughly how the trap built in Rio de Janeiro for yeast cells works. A conventional optical tweezer, that is, a focused laser beam, acts like tweezers made of light, but the light itself pierces the cell from side to side.
An Orchestra Without a Conductor: How Collective Light Measurement Lifts the Curse of Incompatibility
At night on a volcano summit, six telescopes stare at the same speck of light. Each catches its own copy of the wave, and if you combine their signals, you get an image that no single instrument could produce alone. But there's a catch: light captured by different stations cannot simply be added like photographs.
HEP Experiment2026-08-211 minarXiv:2608.21216express
A Window into Invisible Light
Gamma rays are the most energetic light in the Universe. But one part of them, the medium-energy range, long remained invisible: instruments couldn't catch them, leaving a gaping hole in the sky. Scientists call it the "MeV gap," named after the unit of energy these rays carry. The new camera works like a three-layer detective.
Instrumentation2026-08-181 minarXiv:2608.17842express
Counting to One: How a Camera Catches Light One Particle at a Time
Catching light one particle at a time is like hearing a whisper in a roaring factory. An electron-multiplying camera (EMCCD) can do exactly that: it turns a single photon hitting a pixel into an avalanche of electrons that can be measured. These cameras are mounted on telescopes to spot a barely visible planet next to a dazzling star.
Quantum Physics2026-07-312 minarXiv:2608.00162express
Quantum Pump: Light from the Void
An empty resonator isn't truly empty. Even in an absolute vacuum, where not a single photon exists, quantum fluctuations persist. They resemble ripples on water in a dead calm: the surface appears smooth, but molecules keep jittering. Physicists have learned to turn this jitter into real waves.
Quantum Physics2026-04-091 minarXiv:2604.07782express
Picture from Nothing: Silence Paints Ghosts
A drummer stays silent, but from the pauses you can tell where he didn’t hit. Similarly, physicists built an image by catching not light, but moments of absolute darkness. The picture emerged from silence. In the experiment, they shone light from an ordinary lamp onto the object.
Quantum Physics2026-04-061 minarXiv:2604.04691express
One Photon Checks Five
A security guard needs to check five rooms but can't go inside. He knocks on the door and listens: silence means someone is inside, while an echo means the room is empty.
HEP Phenomenology2026-04-011 minarXiv:2604.01277express
Cosmic Invisibles: Axions and Supernova Light
When a massive star dies, a supernova explosion occurs, so powerful that a single flash outshines an entire galaxy. In this fire, billions of axions are born — invisible particles that leave almost no trace. Every second, trillions of these tiny things fly right through each of us, completely unnoticed.
X-Ray from Your Pocket: Raspberry Pi Sees Through Objects
An X-ray image usually brings to mind a bulky machine in a hospital. But such a picture can be taken by a device the size of a palm, assembled from hobbyist electronics. The authors took a Raspberry Pi mini-computer, a 12.3-megapixel camera, and a screen that glows under X-rays.
Cosmology2026-02-201 minarXiv:2602.18218express
Hunting Dark Photons with a Mirror Telescope
The universe is held together by an invisible scaffolding of dark matter. Part of it could be dark photons, ghostly copies of light that pass right through matter. The Dandelion experiment turned a spherical mirror into a super-sensitive ear: it gathers dark photons and translates them into the language of radio waves.
Quantum Physics2026-02-092 minarXiv:2602.08947express
Entangled Photons Find Their Target Through Fog
A flashlight in thick fog is useless: the beam scatters, and the reflected light drowns in noise. But if you tie two photons with an invisible thread, one can pass through the fog and come back, while the other stays safe. This connection is called quantum entanglement — when two particles behave as a single whole, even when far apart.
Quantum Physics2026-02-031 minarXiv:2602.03456express
Light and a Particle Tangled in a Dance
On a lab bench sits a laser trap — an invisible hand that holds a glass bead the size of a bacterium in midair. Next to it is a mirrored cavity where light bounces between two reflective walls. Scientists made the bead and the light exchange quantum entanglement: their states are now linked so that measuring one instantly reveals the other.
Quantum Physics2026-01-292 minarXiv:2601.21250express
A Photon in Full: Seeing Quantum Light in 3D
Quantum light is not just a stream of particles but an intricate pattern woven from space and time. A single photon can be stretched, squeezed, smeared across different directions.
Quantum Physics2026-01-201 minarXiv:2601.13869express
A Dimmer as a Tool for Unveiling the Quantum Nature of Light
Light, regardless of its source, consists of photons — elementary particles, quanta of the electromagnetic field. The simplest light detector, such as a photometric illuminance meter, operates in a binary mode: it merely registers whether photons hit it or not, giving a 'yes/no' answer.
Applied Physics2026-01-091 minarXiv:2601.05448express
Light Instead of Microphones: A New Way to See Inside the Body
A laser hits tissue, and the tissue responds with a barely audible click — a sound wave. Sensors pick it up, and from that, an image of what's inside is built. That's how photoacoustic imaging works: light reaches deep, and sound carries the picture out. In the new scheme, there are no sensors. Instead, several thin light beams are sent through the area where the wave has passed.
Optics2026-01-042 minarXiv:2601.01667express
Light from Within: How to See 12 Centimeters Deep into the Body
Light is a great tool for studying tissues, but it fades fast deep inside the body. Within a few millimeters, photons scatter so much that you can't make out anything. Scientists came up with a workaround: instead of shining light from outside, deliver a tiny light source right inside. The challenge is how to power that source without wires.
An Ultraviolet Eye Made from Ordinary Silicon
A camera that sees ultraviolet light typically costs as much as a nice car. That's because it requires a special crystal and a complex fabrication facility. Engineers in Korea took a different approach: they grabbed a run-of-the-mill chip, the kind made by the millions for phones, and sprayed a thin layer of metal-oxide nanoparticles onto it, like paint from a can.
Quantum Physics2025-12-311 minarXiv:2512.24878express
Quantum Camera Reveals Invisible Particle Bonds
Entangled photons are like twins: what affects one instantly affects the other, even if they are separated by kilometers. Until recently, observing such a connection required detectors that counted each photon individually in pitch darkness. Physicists simplified the task by swapping them out for a regular scientific camera.
Quantum Physics2025-12-021 minarXiv:2512.02521express
Atomic Lock: How to Catch Light in a Solar Storm
A rubidium atom is like a lock that opens only with one key: a particle of light of a strictly defined color. Even under the fiery rain of the sun, where myriads of colorful 'keys' fall, the lock remains silent. But when the right one strikes, the atom gets excited for an instant, and the detector registers a click.
Quantum Physics2025-10-241 minarXiv:2510.21636express
Encounter with a Shutter: How a Photon Creates a Fountain of Probabilities
Light consists of portions — photons. Max Planck was the first to understand that light is emitted in quanta. Today, we can guide single photons. When such a photon encounters a fast shutter, it cannot be sliced — half a photon doesn't exist. Instead, a quantum mixture of states with different photon numbers emerges: zero, one, two, three..
Quantum Filter: How Entanglement Pierces Murky Media
When light passes through biological tissue or frosted glass, it scatters and loses the image. Researchers at the Paris Institute of Nanosciences have shown that a scattering medium can be tuned to transmit images encoded in the correlations of entangled photons while remaining opaque to classical light.
The Sun as a Free Quantum Pump
Sunlight collected by a Fresnel lens and passed through 20 meters of plastic fiber had a power of just 3 microwatts, a million times less than a typical laser pointer. That was enough to generate photon pairs correlated in position inside a nonlinear crystal. One photon from each pair passed through the object, the second was scanned by a detector, and coincidences built up the image.
Reflection as a Resource: Two-Pass Photon Capture
Light is a finicky guest. It flies into a cavity but doesn't stay: part of the pulse inevitably reflects and carries away quantum information. Classical single-pass capture schemes hit this limit no matter how much you improve control. Reflection was considered a loss, but the authors of a new study suggest looking at it differently.
How to Make Images Taken in Different Languages Get Along
Two images of the same place: one taken in the morning from a drone, the other in the evening from a satellite. The first shows shadows from trees, the second shows glints on the water. It's like two accounts of the same event in different dialects: the words are similar, but the grammar is different.
Light as a Conductor: How Lasers Make Atoms Dance in Unison
In a dark room, a laser beam draws a bright spot on the wall. Light seems warm and uncontrollable, but for three decades physicists have used it as a conductor's baton, making atoms dance in unison.