
A device that captures light to form an image or detect photons.A camera is a device that captures light to form an image or detect photons, converting electromagnetic radiation into a recordable signal. In modern physics, cameras extend far beyond visible light, operating across X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared, and even single-photon regimes. They are crucial tools for imaging in astronomy, quantum optics, medical diagnostics, and particle detection, enabling scientists to visualize phenomena from distant galaxies to individual quantum events.
The first permanent photograph was taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826, but the concept of a camera obscura dates back to ancient times. Digital sensors emerged in the late 20th century, revolutionizing imaging.
A camera typically uses a lens or mirror to focus incoming light onto a sensor, such as a CCD or CMOS chip, which converts photons into electrical charges. Each pixel accumulates charge proportional to the number of incident photons, and readout electronics digitize this into an image. Specialized cameras, like single-photon avalanche diodes, can detect individual photons by amplifying a single electron cascade.
Cameras are used in smartphones, medical endoscopy, astronomical observatories, and quantum imaging systems that visualize entangled photon states.
The first digital camera, invented by Kodak engineer Steven Sasson in 1975, weighed 3.6 kilograms and captured black-and-white images at 0.01 megapixels.











