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Scientist

Lars Onsager

1903–1976 · Statistical mechanics, Thermodynamics, Theoretical physics
Norwegian-American physical chemist and theorist, known for reciprocity relations in non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the exact solution of the two-dimensional Ising model for phase transitions.

Biography

He studied at the Norwegian Institute of Technology and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. He worked at Brown, Yale, and the University of Miami. He received the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He was known for his unconventional approach to problems.

Key discoveries

💡 Onsager was famous for being able to solve complex equations in his head but not writing them down, leaving graduate students to guess how he arrived at the result.
"He considered the laws of thermodynamics not merely as laws but as a way of thinking."
Concepts
Phase transition
Laws
Fick's law
Scientists
Steven WeinbergAndré-Marie AmpèreIlya PrigogineGustav KirchhoffRobert HermanRudolf ClausiusJosiah Willard GibbsRoy Kerr

Related articles

stat.ME2017-06-182 minarXiv:1706.05661
An Orchestra Where Every Instrument Enters on Its Own Schedule
An orchestra plays a complex piece, and each group of instruments enters on its own schedule. The violins might slow down while the woodwinds keep the same tempo, and the percussion might suddenly burst into a roll. The conductor hears everything at once, but pinpointing the exact moment when the flutes, not the cellos, changed rhythm is nearly impossible.
Zeda Li·Robert T. Krafty
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network OscillationsFourier analysissignal processingFourier transformSpectral Analysis
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2017-08-213 minarXiv:1708.06114
The Planet's Pulse with an Irregular Rhythm
Every few years, the Pacific Ocean takes a deep breath. Warm water that usually piles up near the coasts of Indonesia spreads eastward toward South America, and the trade winds that had been pushing it west temporarily ease. This inhale and exhale is called El Niño–Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.
Costas A. Varotsos·Arthur P. Cracknell
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network Oscillations
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q-bio.PE2021-07-022 minarXiv:2107.05740
Dengue Waves: What Links the Fever to the Ocean and the Foliage
Every year in Costa Rica, dengue fever arrives like the rainy season: people expect it, they prepare for it, but the exact rhythm of outbreaks has remained a mystery. In some cantons, the disease flares up every year; in others, every two or three years.
Yury E. García·Luis A. Barboza·Fabio Sanchez·Paola Vásquez·Juan G. Calvo
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network Oscillations
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2021-10-082 minarXiv:2110.03956
Echoes of Distant Oceans: How Seasonal Lightning Can Be Predicted from Slow Currents
Every year, lightning kills thousands of people, especially in the tropics, where thunderstorms are most intense. In India, the share of lightning deaths among all victims of natural disasters is rising, despite an overall decline in fatalities from cyclones and floods. One might think that lightning is too fast and too local to predict months ahead.
Chandrima Mallick·Anupam Hazra·Subodh K. Saha·Hemantkumar S. Chaudhari·Samir Pokhrel·Mahen Konwar·Ushnanshu Dutta·Greeshma M. Mohan·K. Gayatri Vani
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network Oscillations
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Statistical Mech2023-05-092 minarXiv:2305.05450
A Network That Rings Before the Lurch
A fisherman pulls on his net and listens to it ring. Each strand quivers in its own way, but before a strong tug, all the strands begin to vibrate in unison. So it is with complex systems: before a sharp state jump, the individual parts suddenly start to oscillate in concert, and that synchrony betrays the coming jump.
Noémie Ehstand·Reik V. Donner·Cristóbal López·Emilio Hernández-García
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network OscillationsRecurrent Neural Networks
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2024-06-123 minarXiv:2406.08632
Ocean and Atmosphere Learn to Speak the Same Language
Two dancers stand facing each other but cannot see each other's faces. One is the atmosphere, fast and noisy, forgetting its moves after just a couple of weeks. The other is the ocean, slow and heavy, remembering every touch for months. For the dance to work, they need to learn to lead each other while only looking at their partner's hands.
Chenggong Wang·Michael S. Pritchard·Noah Brenowitz·Yair Cohen·Boris Bonev·Thorsten Kurth·Dale Durran·Jaideep Pathak
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network Oscillations
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2025-08-113 minarXiv:2508.08490
Three Voices of the Pacific: How a Neural Network Learns to Hear Each One Separately
The ocean hums like a crowded hall: in one corner, voices argue about decades; in another, about years; in a third, about the changing seasons. To pick apart these voices, climatologists used to rely on filters they tuned themselves, letting through only slow waves or only fast ones. But the Pacific plays by its own rules: a warm patch off the coast of Peru can be a brief spike or part of a long-term rearrangement.
Kyle J. C. Hall·Maria J. Molina·Emily F. Wisinski·Gerald A. Meehl·Antonietta Capotondi
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Neurons and Cognition2026-01-142 minarXiv:2601.09912express
The Finest Needles Listen to the Human Brain
Silence in the operating room. The surgeon slowly lowers a needle thinner than a human hair into the patient's brain. At its tip is not a point but a whole palisade of nine hundred sixty microscopic microphones. Each one listens to its own tiny patch of gray matter.
Daril E. Brown II·Elizaveta Okorokova·Carrina Iacobacci·Brian Coughlin·Orin Bloch·Eric M. Trautmann·Sydney S. Cash·Angelique C. Paulk·Sergey D. Stavisky·David M. Brandman
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Instrumentation2026-01-161 minarXiv:2601.11415express
How Gravitational Waves Help Us Listen to Bearings
A neural network originally trained to distinguish real gravitational waves from noise in a gravitational wave detector recognizes bearing wear from vibrations without retraining.
Jose Sánchez Andreu
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network OscillationsEEG seizure detectionevidential neural networksgravitational waves
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q-bio.BM2026-01-161 minarXiv:2601.11450express
How a client protein reshuffles the contents of cellular droplets
Inside a living cell, there are tiny liquid droplets where proteins gather together, like ingredients in a drop of vinaigrette. Some proteins form the droplet's scaffold, while others, clients, don't create the droplet themselves but happily jump in and change its composition.
Aishani Ghosal·Nicholas E. Lea·Lindsay B. Case·Trevor GrandPre
William Lawrence BraggRobert HookeIlya PrigogineproteinenzymecellbacteriumPost-transcriptional regulation
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Biological Physics2026-01-221 minarXiv:2601.16151express
Switch Proteins: How a Cell Reads DNA
A cell is like a kitchen where thousands of recipes (genes) are collected in one thick book (DNA). The chef-protein Klf4 flips through the pages and decides which recipe to cook today. But how does it find the right line among billions of letters? Previously, researchers thought the protein looked for a short 'password'—a few consecutive letters.
Anne Schwager·Jonas Neipel·Yahor Savich·Douglas Diehl·Frank Jülicher·Anthony A. Hyman·Stephan W. Grill
Erwin SchrödingerWilliam Lawrence BraggRobert HookegeneDNAcellproteinsequencing
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Physics and Society2026-02-163 minarXiv:2602.14560
Gamelan Hears El Niño: How Javanese Scales Turn Climate Chaos into Sound
The bronze plates of a gamelan do not sound according to a single tuning standard: each orchestra on Java keeps its own tuning, and two neighboring ensembles may play the same melody in slightly different intervals.
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Medical Physics2026-02-191 minarXiv:2602.17553express
The Brain's Pulse Delivers Drugs
Fluid flows in the narrow gaps between brain cells. It doesn't stay still: each heartbeat pushes it forward, and breathing adds its own waves. This was seen in images ten years ago, but only now have researchers calculated how this pulsing accelerates molecules. If you drop ink into a stream, it drifts with the current. But if the stream speeds up and slows down, the ink spreads wider.
Raghu Raghavan·Richard D. Penn
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Neurons and Cognition2026-02-211 minarXiv:2602.18715express
The Brain's Wiring: How White Matter Orchestrates Thought
The brain is like a sprawling city: districts-regions communicate via streets-neural pathways. If traffic lights at an intersection fail, traffic grinds to a halt. Similarly, in the brain, when bundles of nerve fibers (white matter) malfunction, distant regions stop working in concert, and thought stalls.
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Machine Learning2026-02-282 minarXiv:2603.00786express
How the Brain Rewires Itself in Alzheimer's Disease
The brain isn't one big computer: it's more like an orchestra, where different groups of musicians play their parts. Neural networks for memory, attention, or emotions are constantly talking to each other. In Alzheimer's disease, this orchestra starts to go off-key: some groups fall silent, others play out of sync.
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Signal Processing2026-02-281 minarXiv:2603.16891express
AI Reads Cardiograms Around the Clock
An electrocardiogram is like a long strip of paper on which the heart leaves its signature. A doctor studies it to catch rhythm disturbances, but when the recording lasts for days, the strip stretches for miles. The eye tires, attention wanders, and rare but dangerous irregularities can slip by. AI-HEART works like a tireless assistant that scans the entire strip without a break.
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Medical Physics2026-03-042 minarXiv:2603.03832express
A Heart in Your Hand: Seeing Arrhythmia Without Surgery
The heart doesn't contract all at once but as a wave: an electrical signal travels through the muscle, and behind it, like ripples spreading on water, a contraction rolls through. In arrhythmia, this wave goes awry: it stalls in one spot, loops in another, and the pump starts working in a disorganized way.
Nathan Dermul·Hans Dierckx
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Neurons and Cognition2026-03-041 minarXiv:2603.03864express
EEG Can't Tell Remission from Healthy
Depression is sometimes sought in the brain's electrical waves. The logic is simple: if a disease has stages (acute, maintenance, recovery) then the signals should change gradually, like volume when you turn a knob. Researchers took EEG recordings from 74 people: 24 in the acute phase, 23 in the maintenance phase, and 27 healthy.
Feng Yan·Xuteng Wang·Shuyu Yang·Yue Zhao·Xiaobin Wong·Zhiren Wang
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Neurons and Cognition2026-03-041 minarXiv:2603.04149express
The Neuron City: Why Some Brains Think Fast and Others Slow
A mouse brain contains about 70 million neurons, and the connections between them are far from evenly distributed: some cells have only a couple of dozen contacts, while others have thousands. It's like a city with quiet alleys and bustling squares. But until now, it was unclear how this unevenness affects the brain's actual function.
Marco Zenari·Luca Taffarello·Luca Mazzucato·Amos Maritan·Samir Suweis
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Machine Learning2026-03-141 minarXiv:2603.13850express
EEG Predicts Who Will Benefit from Nerve Stimulation
A patient with schizophrenia comes in for a procedure that feels like a mild tingling in the ear. The doctor switches on a small electrical stimulator attached to the earlobe, and after a few weeks, some people find their apathy and withdrawal receding, while others see no change at all. Until now, predicting this was impossible.
Yapeng Cui·Ruoxi Yun·Shumin Zhang·Yi Gong·Zhiqin Li·Ying Chen·Mingbing Su·Dongniya Wu·Jingxia Wu·Qian Wang·Jianan Wang·Qianqian Tian·Yangyang Yuan·Shuhao Mei·Lei Wu·Xinghua Li·Bingkui Zhang·Taipin Guo·Jinbo Sun
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Neurons and Cognition2026-03-141 minarXiv:2603.24603express
Brain on a Wave: How Phase and Amplitude Reveal Disease
A resting brain is not silent: its regions talk to each other, and these conversations can be eavesdropped on with a scanner. Usually, scientists track signal strength — how loudly each area 'sounds.' But a conversation also has rhythm: some areas light up simultaneously, others with a delay.
Jinlong Hu·Jiatong Huang·Zijian Cai
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Geophysics2026-03-161 minarXiv:2603.14844express
The Ocean Listens Through Fiber Optics
Thousands of kilometers of fiber-optic cables lie on the ocean floor. They carry internet traffic, but the cables themselves sense the slightest vibrations in the water and the seabed. If you listen closely to such a cable, you can hear a blue whale singing or the ground trembling thousands of kilometers away.
Chun Zhang·Weiqiang Zhu·Barbara A. Romanowicz·Richard M Allen·Kenichi Soga·Yuxin Wu
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network Oscillationsspectroscopy
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics2026-03-173 minarXiv:2603.16312
The Ocean Whispers Early: Neural Network Hears the Atlantic Winter Three Months Ahead
The ocean does not shout about its intentions. It whispers: a warm patch off the coast of Peru, a cold tongue near Hudson Bay, a barely perceptible shift in a current. The atmosphere does not respond immediately, and by winter Europe may get either mild slush or Siberian frosts.
Elena Provenzano·Guillaume Gastineau·Carlos Mejia·Didier Swingedouw·Sylvie Thiria
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network Oscillationsneural networksevidential neural networks
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Machine Learning2026-03-202 minarXiv:2603.20442express
The Quiet Signal Before the Strike
A stroke hits suddenly, but before the strike, the brain sends quiet signals. Blood vessels stop smoothly regulating blood flow, like a thermostat that starts overheating or overcooling a room without reason. This imbalance is invisible on ordinary wearables, but it can be caught by listening to several body rhythms at once.
Truong Quynh Hoa·Hoang Dinh Cuong·Truong Xuan Khanh
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network OscillationsWeakly Supervised Learningbrain cancer detectionEEG seizure detection
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Soft Condensed Matter2026-03-301 minarXiv:2603.28630express
How Cells Build a Growth Boundary
A colony of cells is like a city that grows from its outskirts: new houses appear where there's more space. Inside, it's crowded, and construction stalls. Similarly, cells divide more often at the edge, where neighbors squeeze them less. Scientists modeled this without any chemical commands — only mechanics. In the model, each cell is a ball that presses on others.
Fidel Álvarez-Murphy·Ignacio Medina·Néstor Sepúlveda·Gustavo Düring
Robert HookeIlya PrigogineLars Onsagercellstem cellPost-transcriptional regulationneuroncollective behavior
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Neurons and Cognition2026-04-031 minarXiv:2604.03021express
How the Brain Conducts Speech
Speech is like an orchestra where every note must sound at just the right moment. The brain turns a thought into a chain of sounds in a fraction of a second, and until now it was unclear how it manages this hierarchy — from individual sounds to syllables to whole words.
Julien Gadonneix·Mingfang Zhang·Jérémy Rapin·Linnea Evanson·Pierre Bourdillon·Jean-Rémi King
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigoginebrainNeural Network Oscillationsneural networksRecurrent Neural Networksself-supervised learning
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Biological Physics2026-04-092 minarXiv:2604.08316express
How Cell Motors Set Droplet Size
Inside a cell, there are tiny liquid droplets, like oil droplets in water. They form from proteins and RNA and serve all sorts of purposes, from storing molecules to speeding up reactions. But if droplets start merging with each other, you'd end up with one big puddle, which would wreck the cell's organization.
Le Qiao·Peter Gispert·Lukas S. Stelzl·Friederike Schmid
William Lawrence BraggRobert HookeIlya PrigogineproteincellPost-transcriptional regulationgene expression noiseneuron
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Neurons and Cognition2026-04-172 minarXiv:2604.15747express
How Chlorine Conducts a Seizure
A neuron that has just calmed down is like a pianist lifting their hands from the keys. But inside, silent work continues: tiny pumps push chloride ions outward, returning the instrument to a state of readiness. If the pumps fall behind, chloride builds up, and then an inhibitory signal meant to quiet the cell suddenly starts exciting it.
Qianchen Gong·Yingpeng Liu·Yan Zhang·Muhua Zheng·Kesheng Xu
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network OscillationsEEG seizure detectionneuronneurotransmitterion channel
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Medical Physics2026-04-182 minarXiv:2604.16981express
The Retina Tells on the Brain
A flashlight shines into the eye, and the retina responds with electrical impulses, like an echo, but not of sound, of light. This echo can be recorded, and it reveals not only how the eye is working but also how the brain is. After all, the retina is a piece of the brain that has been pushed out to the periphery.
Paul A. Constable·Dorothy A. Thompson·Irene O. Lee·Lynne Loh·Aleksei Zhdanov·Mikhail Kulyabin·Andreas Maier
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network Oscillationsneural networksEEG seizure detectionbraindeep learning in medical imaging
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Neurons and Cognition2026-04-231 minarXiv:2604.22116express
Ringing in the Ears: How the Brain Gives Itself Away on an EEG
A person hears a ringing that isn't there. The doctor asks them to describe it — loudness, pitch, persistence. But it's subjective: one might say "like a mosquito," another "like steam from a kettle." We need a way to see tinnitus directly, in the brain itself.
Adyant Balaji·Abhinav Uppal·Min Suk Lee·Yuchen Xu·Akihiro Matsuoka·Gert Cauwenberghs
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network OscillationsEEG seizure detectiongene expression noiseion channel noiseelectromagnetic compatibility
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Neurons and Cognition2026-04-261 minarXiv:2604.23525express
The Brain's Conductor: How the Parietal Region Switches Modes
The brain constantly juggles tasks: it reacts to a sharp sound, solves an equation, or drifts into daydreams. Scientists have long suspected that switches between different "scenarios" of neural network activity underlie this, but extracting them from the chaos of electrical signals was difficult.
Binghao Yang·Guangzong Chen
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigoginebrainNeural Network Oscillationsquantum-like modelsRecurrent Neural Networksattention mechanism
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Biological Physics2026-05-242 minarXiv:2605.24987express
How a cell catches broken DNA ends
A torn telephone wire is a nuisance, but a torn DNA is a catastrophe. A double-strand break, when both strands of the helix snap at the same spot, threatens the cell with death or transformation into cancer. Fortunately, the cell has its own 'glue': special proteins that gather into a droplet right at the accident site.
Rakesh Das·Tarun Mascarenhas·Nagaraja Chappidi·Simon Alberti·Frank Jülicher
Erwin SchrödingerWilliam Lawrence BraggIlya PrigogineDNACRISPRPost-transcriptional regulationstochastic gene expressioncell
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Biological Physics2026-06-062 minarXiv:2606.08138express
How a Cell Copies DNA Without Losing Its Way
Two road crews are paving a street from opposite ends. They move toward each other, and how well they coordinate determines when the street is finished.
Chinmaya Pradhan·Bhakti Mehta·Nirjharini Saha·Mrinal Srivastava·Anupam Gupta
Robert HookeErwin SchrödingerWilliam Lawrence BraggcellDNAPost-transcriptional regulationsequencingbacterium
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Neurons and Cognition2026-06-102 minarXiv:2606.12600express
How the Brain and Heart Drift Apart in the Final Minutes
When the conductor leaves the orchestra, the musicians keep playing from memory for a while. But without a unified rhythm, each one starts to speed up or slow down on their own, and the harmonious symphony turns into disjointed noise. According to new research, the brain and heart behave much the same way in the last hours of a person's life.
Yago Emanoel Ramos·Maria Eloá do Ó·Henrique Ferraz de Arruda·Mauro Copelli·G. Camelo-Neto·Pedro V. Carelli
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigoginebrainNeural Network OscillationsFourier analysisstochastic gene expression
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Fluid Dynamics2026-06-122 minarXiv:2606.14696express
Why Sugar in Tea Doesn't Mix the Way We Thought
A lump of sugar drops into hot tea, a spoon stirs a few times, and the sugar disappears. But how exactly does it spread through the churning liquid? Physicists have peered into this process with unprecedented detail: they simulated turbulence on a grid of 8192³ points. If you were to split every millimeter of the cup into a hundred cells, you'd get a similar resolution.
Dhawal Buaria
Fick's lawBoltzmann equationAlbert EinsteinJoseph Fourierturbulenceentropy
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Biological Physics2026-06-152 minarXiv:2606.16614express
Droplets in Cells Listen to the Rhythm
Inside every cell, construction never stops: molecules constantly cluster together and drift apart. Sometimes they form dense droplets, like oil in water, but without a membrane. These droplets act as temporary storage: they hold proteins, gene copies, or DNA repair tools.
Mathias S. Heltberg·Lukas H. Kristensen·Mogens H. Jensen·David Zwicker
Robert HookeJohn von NeumannClaude ShannoncellNeural Network Oscillationsgene expression noisePost-transcriptional regulationneuron
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Neurons and Cognition2026-06-191 minarXiv:2606.21703express
The Delay That Ignites the Rhythm
A neuron sends a signal to its neighbor. The neighbor doesn't respond immediately — the impulse travels along the process at a finite speed, like a letter delayed in transit. Usually, such a delay is considered a nuisance, but in this new work, it becomes the conductor. When two excitable neurons are connected with a delay, a rhythm spontaneously emerges between them.
Bruno R. R. Boaretto·Kalel L. Rossi·Lyle E. Muller·Elbert E. Macau·Roberto C. Budzinski
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineneuronNeural Network Oscillationssynapsenonlinear dynamics
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Machine Learning2026-06-212 minarXiv:2606.22657express
One Night of Sleep Instead of a Week with Electrodes
A translator gets distracted by every rustle in the hall, and a one-hour meeting stretches into two. That's how the standard method of locating an epileptic focus works: it waits for loud phrases — the moments when a seizure flares up in the brain.
Thi Kieu Khanh Ho·Thomas Lai·Petr Klimes·Jan Cimbalnik·Martin Pail·Milan Brazdil·Birgit Frauscher·Narges Armanfard
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineEEG seizure detectionNeural Network Oscillations
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Neurons and Cognition2026-06-212 minarXiv:2606.22695express
How to Assemble a Brain Connectivity Map from Scattered Fragments
A patchwork quilt where each patch is a recording of activity from a small brain region. One patch was stitched on Monday in London, another on Tuesday in New York, and a third a month ago in Tokyo. This mosaic covers the brain only partially, and there is no common seam to join them.
Yisi S. Zhang·Daniel Y. Takahashi
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network Oscillations
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eess.SY2026-07-131 minarXiv:2607.11243express
Why Trains Rock the Voltage
The railway's electrical network is like an orchestra: trains are musicians whose systems respond differently to current. When their 'electric voices' fall out of tune, disorder arises — a cacophony that can escalate into dangerous voltage rocking.
Xiangyu Meng·Qiao Zhang·Zhigang Liu·Guiyang Hu·Fang Liu·Guinan Zhang
John von NeumannClaude ShannonIlya PrigogineNeural Network Oscillationsspectroscopy
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